instrumental conditioning Flashcards
(19 cards)
types of instrumental conditioning
presenting or removing a positive reinforcer, presenting or removing a negative reinforcer
reward training
involves the presentation of a positive reinforcer following a response which increases the frequency of the behvaiour
punishment
presentation of a negative reinforcer
omission training
removing a positive reinforcer leading to a decrease in the behaviour being reinforced, removing a positive reinforcer is a situation a person would want to avoid
escape training
when a response is followed by the removal of a negative reinforcer (e.g. if a rat is being shocked from one side of the cage, move to the other side)
contingencies
the process of acquisition leads to learning the contingency between a response and its consequences
graphing responses
the flat horizontal line on the graph indicates when the subject is not responding, each upward slope indicates when a response has been made
auto shaping
behaviours can be learned without careful guidance by the researcher, subject will learn the contingency on their own (e.g. pigeon pecking at a keyhole and it giving him food every time, self taught
shaping
- organized into smaller steps
- each step can be reinforced through reward training
- over time get the final response wanted
discriminative stimulus (SD)/ (S+)
signals when a contingency is “on” e.g. to a child, their grandparents house becomes SD for vegetable eating behaviour leading to reward of dessert if veggies eaten
S-delta/ S-
indicates when the contingent relationship is not valid e.g. parent’s house= no reward for eating veggies
ratio
based on the number of responses made by a subject, which determines when reinforcement is given
interval
based on the time since that last response was reinforced
4 schedules of reinforcement
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
fixed ratio (FR)
-certain behaviour must take place certain amount of times to achieve wanted response
variable ratio (VR)
reinforcement is delivered after random number of responses around a characteristic mean
fixed interval (FI)
- reinforcement is delivered following the first response after a set interval of time
- have a scallop pattern
- e.g. study leading up to psych quiz, after quiz pause in study behaviour and then starts back up again
variable interval (VI)
recieve reinforcement at any time, though you do have an idea of how often it is likely to come up
extinction & schedule
- CFR (Continuous reinforcement schedule) schedule= once reinforcement stops occurring, the learner will immediately be aware and decrease responding
- PFR schedule= once reinforcement stops occurring, not immediately obvious
- partial reinforcement schedule best to train behaviours if wanting behaviour maintained over long period of time
