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psych 1x03 > research methods 1 and 2 > Flashcards

research methods 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the scientific method: construct a theory- theory

A

general set of ideas about the way that the world works

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2
Q

the scientific method: generate hypothesis

A

makes a specific prediction about the relationship between variables involved in the theory

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3
Q

the scientific method: choose research

A

-determine the way in which the hypothesis will be tested

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4
Q

the scientific method: collect data

A

-take measurements of the outcomes of the test

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5
Q

the scientific method: analyze data

A

-understand the data and discover the trends or relationships between the variables

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6
Q

the scientific method: report the findings

A

-publish articles in scholarly journals

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7
Q

the scientific method: revise existing theories

A

incorporate new information into our understanding of the world

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8
Q

paradigm shift

A

-dramatic change in our way of thinking

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9
Q

anecdotal evidence

A

-evidence gathered from others or self experience

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10
Q

experiment

A

scientific tool used to measure the effect of one variable on another
-can have 2 groups of participants: experimental group and control group

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11
Q

independent variable

A

variable manipulated by the scientist

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12
Q

dependent variable

A

-variable being observed by the scientist

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13
Q

within subjects design

A

manipulating the independent variable within each participant to minimize the effect of external variables on the dependent measure

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14
Q

practice effect

A

improved performance over the course of an experiment due to becoming more experienced

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15
Q

between subjects design

A

one group acts as the control group

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16
Q

confounding variable

A

variable other than the independent variable that has an effect on the results

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17
Q

population

A

general group of people we are trying to learn about

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18
Q

sample

A

selected members of the population

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19
Q

random assignment

A

assigning subjects to either the experimental or control group at random to avoid any biases that may cause differences between the groups of subjects

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20
Q

placebo effect

A

effect that occurs when an individual exhibits a response to a treatment that has no related therapeutic effect

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21
Q

participant bias

A

when a participant’s action in an experiment influence the results outside of the manipulations of the experimenter

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22
Q

blinding

A

when participants do not know whether they belong to the experimental or control group, or which treatment they are recieving

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23
Q

double-blind studies

A

experiments in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which group each participant belong to

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24
Q

histogram

A

type of graph used to report the number of times groups of values appear in a data set

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25
frequency distribution
type of graph illustrating the distribution of how frequently values appear in a data set
26
normal distribution
a distribution with a characteristic smooth, bell and symmetrical shaped curve around a single peek
27
mean
the average value of a data set
28
outliers
extreme points, distant from others in a data set
29
mode
the value that appears most frequently in the set
30
median
the center value in a data set when the set is arranged numerically
31
standard deviation
measure of the average distance of each data point from the mean
32
inferential statistics
statistics that allow us to use results from samples to make inferences about overall, underlying populations
33
T-Test
statistical test that considers each data point from both groups to calculate probability that 2 samples were drawn from the same popualtion
34
P- Value
value expressing the probability calculated by the T-test - greater than 5% probability of obtaining the data by chance- NOT significant - less than 5% probability of obtaining the data by chance (P- Value less than .05) IS significant
35
statistical significance
when the difference between 2 groups is due to some true difference between the properties of the 3 groups and not simply due to random variation
36
correlation
measure of the strength of the relationship between 2 variables
37
correlation coefficient
measures the degree with which 2 variables are correlated; symbolized by the letter r
38
positive correlation
+1; as one variable increases, the other variable also increases
39
negative correlation
- 1; as one of the variables decreases; the other variable decreases - a correlation coefficient of zero would indicate that there is no relationship whatsoever between the 2 variables being measured - correlation does not equal causation
40
operational definitions
key element in the design of any scientific study
41
constant
feature or quality that always takes the same value across all situations
42
construct validity
the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct
43
control group
group of individuals designed to serve as an accurate comparison in an experiment
44
descriptive statistics
statistics designed to describe the data collected; includes mean, median and standard deviation
45
empiricism
the philosophical perspective that states that knowledge should be gained by direct observation of the world as it is
46
experimental group
the participants in the study who receive the manipulation in regard to the independent variable
47
experimenter bias
actions made by the experimenter, unintentionally or deliberately, to promote the result they hope to achieve
48
extraneous variable
variable that the researcher did not manipulate or measure, that could still affect the outcome of the experiment
49
interview
research tool which the investigator asks the participant questions, often structured or semi structured in nature
50
levels of analysis
different perspectives that emphasize different aspects of a research question
51
measures of central tendency
descriptive statistical technique for summarizing a distribution of data into a single value that represents the entire population
52
naturalistic observation
descriptive statistical technique for summarizing a distribution of data that represents the entire population
53
psychological test
standardized measure of a sample of a person's behaviour e.g. IQ
54
raw data
data collected from a study that has yet to be assessed using statistical analysis
55
reliability
the measurement consistency of tests
56
replication
the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results can be duplicated
57
social desirability bias
tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
58
working with raw data
statistics tics allow us to analyze, interpret and present the data we have collected
59
types of descriptive statistics
- present information at a glance to give overall idea of the result of the experiment - summary statistics included e.g. mean, median, mode
60
histograms
- pie charts, bar graphs, venn diagrams summarize and present statistics instantly to reader - is a graph that shows the number of times groups of values appear in a data set - the horizontal X-axis is divided into groups of values called bins - the vertical y-axis measures the number of values in the data set that fall into a giver bin known as the frequency
61
frequency distribution
distribution with a characteristic smooth, symmetric, bell-shaped curve containing a single peak
62
normal distribution
distribution with a characteristic smooth, bell-shaped curve containing single peak
63
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
64
measures of variability
- second groups of descriptive statistics that review the spread and distribution of a set - standard deviation- the average distance of each data point from the mean, larger deviation= more spread out
65
inferential statistics
allow us to use results from samples to make inferences about overall underlying populations
66
T-test and P-value
- T-test = a statistical test that considers data from both groups to determine if 2 samples were drawn from the same population - P-value= value expressing probability determined by the T-test
67
statistic significance
when the difference between 2 groups is due to differences between the properties of the 2 groups, not due to random variation
68
observational research
when scientists can not perform an experiment they observe the variables without manipulation
69
correlation coefficient
the degree by which 2 variables are correlated (measure of strength between 2 variables) symbolized by the letter r - correlation does not equal causation - +1= positively correlated, both variables increase - -1= negatively correlated, as one variable increases the other decreases - as the relationship between the 2 variables gets weaker, the correlation coefficient reaches 0

psych 1x03 (7 decks)

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