Insulin and Glucagon

Question 1

20g OF GLUCOSE WOULD LAST ___ IN A 70KG MAN

Answer 1

1 HOUR

Question 2

10 KG FAT WOULD LAST ___ IN A 70KG MAN

Answer 2

40 DAYS, WITH WATER

Question 3

THE 10 TO 12 KG PROTEIN IN A 70KG MAN (MOSTLY IN SKELETAL MUSCLE). HOW MUCH IS AVAILABLE?

Answer 3

1/2 AVAILABLE FOR ENERGY NEEDS BEFORE DEATH FROM STARTVATION

DUE TO RESPIRATORY MUSCLE FAILURE OCCURS

Question 4

WHAT HORMONES REGULATE THE HOMEOSTASIS OF GLUCOSE?

Answer 4

Question 5

Plasma glucose is regulated at a concentration of ___ mg/dl,

Answer 5

80-100

Question 6

Insulin is synthesized by beta cells, which are located at

Answer 6

the center of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

Question 7

Insulin is an ____ hormone secreted in times of excess nutrient availability.

Answer 7

anabolic

Question 8

Glucagon is a catabolic hormone secreted during times of

Answer 8

food deprivation.

Question 9

____ (3) allows utilization of stored nutrient reserves by mobilizing glycogen, fat and protein to serve as energy sources.

Answer 9

GLUCAGON, EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE

Question 10

____ is a paracrine that inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon

Answer 10

SOMATOSTATIN

Question 11

SOMATOSTATIN INHIBITS THE RELEASE OF

Answer 11

INSULIN

GLUCAGON

GASTRIN

GASTRIC ACID SECRETION

GUT HORMONES

Question 12

Brain relies ___ on circulating glucose to meet its energy demands.

Answer 12

almost exclusively

Question 13

Brain stores little ____

Answer 13

glycogen

Question 14

Brain cannot oxidize fatty acids and amino acids although it can utilize

Answer 14

ketone bodies.

Question 15

The Islets of Langerhans constitute approximately ____% of the mass of the pancreas

Answer 15

1-2

Question 16

Each islet is highly vascularized and receives INPUTS FROM

Answer 16

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 17

The beta cells secrete insulin and comprise___% of the islets.

Answer 17

60%

Question 18

Glucagon is synthesized by ____ cells,

Answer 18

alpha

Question 19

WHERE ARE ALPHA CE;;;S LOCATED? WHAT PERCENT OF THE ISLETS ARE THEY?

Answer 19

LOCATED IN THE PERIPHERY

25%

Question 20

WHAT CELLS ARE IN THE PERIPHERY OF THE ISLETS

Answer 20

DELTA AND ALPHA CELLS

Question 21

Somatostatin is synthesized by ____ cells w

Answer 21

delta

Question 22

WHAT IS SYNTHESIED BY F CELLS

Answer 22

PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE

Question 23

FUNCTION OF PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE? (2)

Answer 23

1. inhibits gallbladder contraction
2. inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion during strenuous exercise, after ingestion of a protein-rich meal, during hypoglycemia.

Question 24

WHAT DOES BETA CELLS MAKE? WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED

Answer 24

LOCATED AT THE CENTER OF THE ISLETS

MAKE

INSULIN, PROINSULIN, C-PEPTIDE

Question 25

Glucagon is a \_\_\_amino acid peptide

Answer 25

29

Question 26

Postranslational processing OF PROGLUCAGON YEILDS

Answer 26

1. GLUCAGON - 29 AA 2. GLICENTIN - 69 AA 3. GLICENTIN LIKE PEPTIDE 4. GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTODE - **GLP-1** 5. GLUCAGON-LIKE PPETIDE - **GLP-2**

Question 27

Glucagon is packaged and stored in

Answer 27

membrane bound granules

Question 28

WHERE IS GLUCAGON DEGRADED?

Answer 28

in the liver (80%) and the kidney, with very little excreted in the urine.

Question 29

IS GLUCAGON DEGRADED IN THE LIVER?

Answer 29

VERY LITTLE IS

Question 30

WHAT ARE THE STIMULATORS OF GLUCAGON SECRETION? (4)

Answer 30

Question 31

WHAT BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS SUFFICIENT TO STIM. GLUCAGON SECRETION

Answer 31

HYPOGLYCEMIA

Question 32

INC IN ARGININE AND ALANINE IS INDICTATIVE OF

Question 33

WHAT ARE THE INHIBITS OR GLUCAGON SECRETION

Answer 33

Question 34

Glucagon mobilizes\_\_\_\_ (3) to produce a prompt increase in blood glucose concentration.

Answer 34

glycogen, fat and protein

Question 35

counter-regulatory hormones that are released in times of stress such as exercise, illness, etc. to **keep blood glucose levels** **high enough to support brain metabolism.**

Answer 35

1. GLUCAGON 2. EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE 3. GH 4. CORTISOL

Question 36

The primary target organ for glucagon is the liver, where glucagon antagonizes the action of insulin by