Integument System

Question 1

Functions of the skin (9)

Answer 1

Protection
Prevent water loss and electrolytes
Temperature regulation
Sensation
Movement
Immune Function
Excretion
Ca Homeostasis
Energy Storage

Question 2

Functions of hair (5)

Answer 2

Insulation
Camouflage
Social display
Sense/protect
Sex recognition

Question 3

Epidermis (4)

Answer 3

Ectodermal origin
Avascular
Thick barrier
Stratified Squamous keratinized

Question 4

Dermis (4)

Answer 4

Mesodermal
CT
Vascular and nervous
Supports epidermis

Question 5

Hypodermis

Answer 5

Subcutis, loose CT below dermis

NOT PART OF THE SKIN

Question 6

Thick skin has what present

Answer 6

Merocrine sweat glands

Question 7

T or F

Thick skin is hairless

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

Thin skin has (2)

Answer 8

Hair follicles with arrector pili muscle

Sebaceous and sweat glands

Question 9

What part of the skin brings blood vessels near epithelium

Answer 9

Dermal papillae

Question 10

Sites of epidermis

Answer 10

Footpad, nasal planun and scrotum

Question 11

What is the principal component of dermis

Answer 11

CT

Question 12

Papillary layer of dermis (3)

Answer 12

Loose CT
Type 1 and 3 collagen
Mas cells, macrophages, vessels and nerves

Question 13

Reticular layer of dermis(4)

Answer 13

Dense irregular CT
Type 1 collagen
Network of elastic fibers
Blood vessels, nerves

Question 14

Skin elasticity is

Answer 14

Network of elastic fibers in reticular layer of dermis

Question 15

Cells in epidermis

Answer 15

Keratinocytes

Non keratinocytes

Question 16

Keratinocytes

Answer 16

Most common cell

95% of total cells in epidermis

Question 17

Non keratinocytes (4)

Answer 17

Langerhans cells
Markel’s cells
Melanocytes
Variable number of intraepithelial lymphocytes

Question 18

Mention the adherent cells in epidermis (2)

Answer 18

Desmosomes

Hemidesmosomes

Question 19

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 19

Attach basal cells to basal lamina

Question 20

Basic plan of epidermal layers (2)

Answer 20

Generate constant supply of cells

Replace cytoplasm with keratin, waterproof, flattened cells, provide many layers of this oily cellular barrier

Question 21

Layers of epidermis (7) from top to base

Cinderella Loss her Glass Slipper at the Ball

Answer 21

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

Question 22

Stratum basale

Answer 22

Epidermal dermal junction of single cuboidal to columnar cells

Question 23

Desmosomes binds what

Answer 23

Neighboring cells together

Question 24

Where in epidermis is the are of mitotic activity

Answer 24

Stratum basale

Question 25

Stratum spinosum (what type of cells)

Answer 25

Cuboidal or slightly flattened

Question 26

Stratum granulosum (3)

Answer 26

3-5 layers cells begin to flatten May be difficult to see in skin

Question 27

Where can you find keratohyalin granules

Answer 27

Stratum granulosum

Question 28

Stratum granulosum stain

Answer 28

Basophilic

Question 29

Lamellar granules of Granulosum

Answer 29

secreted by cells to from waterproof lipid sheets (intracellular cement)

Question 30

What is the last living layer and has no mitotic activity

Answer 30

Granulosum

Question 31

What happens to nucleus of cells in granulosum layer

Answer 31

They start disappearing

Question 32

In a section of the thick skin, it looks as a translucent layer is what layer of epidermis

Answer 32

Lucidum | only in thick

Question 33

Are there cellular organelles in the lucidum layer of epidermis?

Answer 33

NO | Cells are fully keratinized

Question 34

What is eleidin

Answer 34

Protein chemically related to keratin present in cytoplasm of lucidum layer

Question 35

How thick can the stratum corneum be?

Answer 35

15-20 layers thick depending on location in footpads

Question 36

How is the epidermis of the thick skin

Answer 36

Keratinized squamous epithelium | Non nucleated cells (dead keratinized cells)

Question 37

In the thick skin the stratum lucidum cells have

Answer 37

Pyknotic nuclei

Question 38

What is keratinization

Answer 38

Process by which keratinocytes differentiate

Question 39

What is cornification

Answer 39

Production of stratum corneum by terminal epidermal differentiation

Question 40

Langerhans cells help with

Answer 40

IS

Question 41

Merkel's cells are

Answer 41

Sensory cells

Question 42

Melanocytes have a ____ function

Answer 42

Protective

Question 43

Where are the Langerhans cells found

Answer 43

Stratum basale and spinosum

Question 44

Intra-epidermal macrophages

Answer 44

Bone marrow derived from monocytes

Question 45

Immunological role of Langerhans cells in skin (2)

Answer 45

Antigen presenting cells | Internalized surface bound antigen for processing and presenting at its cell surface to T lymphocytes

Question 46

Merkel's cells are present where

Answer 46

Thick skin near stratum basale

Question 47

Melanocytes are present where

Answer 47

Stratum Basale

Question 48

What cells produce melanin

Answer 48

Melanocytes

Question 49

What cells protect cells from effects of UV radiation

Answer 49

Melanocytes

Question 50

Melanocytes need ____ to function properly

Answer 50

Tyrosinate

Question 51

Eumelanin

Answer 51

Most common type of melanin | BROWN BLACK PIGMENT

Question 52

Pheomelanin

Answer 52

Red/brown polymer largely responsible for red hair and freckles

Question 53

What happens if there is no Tyrosinase

Answer 53

No pigment No melanin so ALBINO

Question 54

Sensory nerve of dermis

Answer 54

Free nerve endings to stratum granulosum called nociceptors

Question 55

Encapsulated nerve endings of dermis (3)

Answer 55

Meissner's corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles Raffini corpuscle (sense stretching)

Question 56

Medulla of hair

Answer 56

Loose cuboidal cells, air filled in areas

Question 57

Cortex of hair follicles

Answer 57

Dense compact keratinized cells parallel to hair shaft

Question 58

Cuticle of hair

Answer 58

Single layer of flat keratinized cells

Question 59

What carries the blood supply to cells of hair

Answer 59

Dermal papilla

Question 60

External glassy membrane of root sheath

Answer 60

Basal lamina external to root sheath

Question 61

External root sheath is continuous to

Answer 61

Epidermis

Question 62

The cuticle of hair follicle is formed by

Answer 62

Overlapping keratinized cells with free edges oriented in opposite direction from hair cuticle toward hair bulb

Question 63

Types of hair follicles

Answer 63

Primary and secondary

Question 64

Primary hair follicle characteristics (2) What is present

Answer 64

Large diameter Rooted deep in epidermis Sebaceous glans, arrector pili, muscle, sweat glands

Question 65

Secondary hair follicles What is has

Answer 65

Smaller diameter Rooted nearer the surface Sebaceous gland, no sweat glands, no arrector pili

Question 66

Compound of hair follicles

Answer 66

Cluster of hair follicles

Question 67

Compound follicles usually have

Answer 67

1 1ry hair follicle | Several 2ry hair follicles

Question 68

Arrector pili muscle is

Answer 68

Smooth muscle attached to follicle of 1ry hairs

Question 69

Sebaceous glands produce

Answer 69

SEBUM (mixture of lipid and disintegrated cells)

Question 70

Sebaceous glands are a type of what gland

Answer 70

Holocrine

Question 71

Other sebaceous glands (7) and what animal are they in

Answer 71

``` Supracaudal in dog Mental glands in cat Horn glands in Buck goat Circumanal gland in Ruminants Preputial gland in Smegma of horse Tarsal (meibomian) glands in Eyelid Uropygial gland in birds ```

Question 72

Apocrine glands are secrete by

Answer 72

Apical budding/pinches

Question 73

Function of apocrine sweat glands

Answer 73

Mainly communication

Question 74

Apocrine sweat glands examples (4)

Answer 74

Mammal glands Glands of Moll (eyelid) Anal sac Ceruminous glands (ear wax)

Question 75

Merocrine glands excrete via what

Answer 75

Exocytosis

Question 76

Merocrine glands are mainly for

Answer 76

Thermoregulation | Secrete fluid into skin when temperature rises

Question 77

T or F | Dogs produce sweat for thermoregulation

Answer 77

FALSE

Question 78

Merocrine glands in dogs functions (2)

Answer 78

Seal outer layer of epidermis | Secrete pheromones that give dogs a distinctive body color

Question 79

What is the hoof

Answer 79

Highly modified, specialized skin derivative that protects and encloses the ends of digits of an ungulate mammal

Question 80

Main layers of the hoof

Answer 80

``` Outer epidermis Underlying dermis (Corium) ```

Question 81

Epidermal layers of hoof

Answer 81

Stratum tectorium/externum Stratum medium Stratum lamellatum/internum

Question 82

What is the main supportive layer of the hoof

Answer 82

Stratum medium

Question 83

What is the lamellar horn

Answer 83

Stratum lamellatum

Question 84

What is the dermis of the hoof called

Answer 84

Laminar corium