Integumentary System Flashcards by Jas Ksjdnd

The largest organ of the cell components:

Skin (Cutaneous membrane)
Nails
Hair
Cutaneous sense organs and glands

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Skin has many percent in adult body

2sq.m (22sq.ft)
Weighs: 4.5-5 kg (20-11lb)
7% of total body weight

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Skin has many percent in adult body

2sq.m (22sq.ft)
Weighs: 4.5-5 kg (20-11lb)
7% of total body weight

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2 Major Tissue Layer of the Skin

Epidermis
Dermis

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Superficial layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Cornified or keratinized (hardened by keratin) to prevent water loss
Avascular (no blood supply)
Most cell are keratinocytes

Epidermis

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A major tissue layer of skin which function is to prevent water loss and resist abrasion

Epidermis

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Dense connective tissue
Vascular
10-30 thicker than the epidermis
Layer of dense connective tissue depending on the location (blood vessel, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, etc)

Dermis

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Major tissue layer of the skin which function is to

…

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Skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue which is a layer of connective tissue (adipose, areolar)
It is not part of the skin but it connects the skin to underlying muscle or bone

Hypodermis

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It function as padding and insulation

Hypodermis

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Acceptable body fat for female and male

Female: 22-30%
Male: 23-25%

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Layers of Epidermis (thick, hairless layer)

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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Deepest layer of epidermis
Lies next to dermis
Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together
Cells undergoing mitosis
Daughter cell are pushed upward to become more the superficial layer

Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)

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Several cell layer thick
Contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments

Stratum Spinosum (Pricky Layer)

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4 to 6 Layers thick
Accumulates two type of granules

Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

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2 Types of Granules

Keratohyaline Granules
Lamellar Granules

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Tyoe of granule that help to form keratin in the upper layer

Keratohyaline Granules

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Type of granule that contain water-resistant glycolipid for slowing water loss across the epidermis

Lamellar Granules

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Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and sole of feet

Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)

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Outermost layer of epidermis
Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevent water loss from skin)

Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

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Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the surface of the scalp

Dandruff

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Skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a thickened area

Callus (Hard Skin)

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Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can thicken to form a ccone-shaped structure

Corn

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Why is the soles and palms have no hair?

Because it is very thick and highly keratinized

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Location: Palms of hands, soles of feet

Thick Skin

Location: Rest of the body

Thin Skin

Structure: 5 epidermal layers, including stratum lucidum

Thick Skin

Structure: 4 epidermal layers without stratum lucidum

Thin Skin

Function: Protective, withstands friction and wear

Thick Skin

Function: Sensory Perception, Touch and Temperature Sensitivity

Thin Skin

Hair and Glands: No hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands

Thick Skin

Hair and Glands: Contain follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Thin Skin

Cells in Epidermis

Keratinocytes Melanocytes Dentritic (Langerhans) Cell / Intraepidermal Cells Tactile (Merkel) Cells

Produces keratin, a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties Arise in the deepest part of epidermis, stratum basale

Keratinocytes

Spider-shaped epithelial cell Synthesize melanin pigment Found in the deepest part of the epidermis

Melanocytes

Arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis Ingest foreign substances Key activators of our immune system

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cell / Intraepidermal Cells

Present at the epidermal-dermal cell Functions as sensory receptor for touch

Tactile (Merkel) Cell

2 Layers of Dermis

Papillary Layer (Upper Dermal Region) Reticular Layer

Areolar Connective Tissue Collagen and Elastic Fiber form a loosely woven mat Projections called dermal papillae Some contain capillary loops

Papillary region

Others house pain receptors and touch receptors called

tactile or Meissner’s corpuscles

80% of the thickness of the dermis Dense fibrous connective tissue

Reticular layer

Reticular layer has this that help or important to surgeon

Cleavage/Tension Line

It is in reticular layer that describe as a dermal folds that occur at or near joints

Flexure lines

Types of Flexure line

Normal palm creases Simian Crease

Polymer made by tyrosine amino acid

Melanin

Melanin Yellow to Red

Pheomelanin

Melanin Brown to Black

Eumelanin

Precursor of vitamin A need for vison Lipid soluble Oranhe-yellow pigment from vegetable Accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis

Carotene

Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Hemoglobin

It is produced by the golgi apparatus of the melanocyte

Melanosomes

Process of Keratinizaton

Normal skin color determinants

Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin

Alteration in skin color

Cyanotic Redness (Erythema) Pallor (Blanching) Jaundice (Yellowing) Depigmentation Bronzing (Hyperpigmentation) Albinism Bruises

Skin appear bluish

Cyanotic

Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever or allergy

Redness (Erythema)

Due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

Pallor (Blanching)

Liver disorder, gallbladder or pancreas; occurs when too much bilirubin builds up in the body

Jaundice (Yellowing)

Vitiligo (Skin condition) Happens when the skin entirely loses pigment and turns white

Depigmentation

Addison's Disease Primary adrenal insufficiency

Bronzing (Hyperpigmentation)

Genetic Disorder inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes

Albinism

Hematomas

Bruises

Skin Appendages

Cutaneous glands -all exocrine glands -sebaceous (oil) glands -sweat (sudoriferous) glands Hair Hairl Follicles Nail

Homeostatic Imbalance of Skin

Whitehead Blackhead Acne Seborrhea

Produce oil (sebum), accumulated lipids and cell fragments Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface Glands are activated at puberty

Oil (sebaceous) gland

Function of oil (sebaceous) glands

•Lubricant for skin •Prevents brittle hair •Kills bacteria

Sebum is released by

Holocrine secretion

accumulated sebum blocks a sebaceous gland duct

whitehead

material oxidizes and dries

blackhead

an active inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by “pimples” – caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus)

Acne

overactive sebaceous gland, in infants it is known as

Seborrhea "Cradle Cap"

Produce sweat Widely distributed in skin except nipples and parts of external genitalia

Sweat (Sudoriferous) glands

2 Types of Sweat (Sudoriferous) glands

Eccrine Apocrine

Numerous and abundant in the palms, soles of the feet and forehead Open via duct to pore on skin surface Produce sweat (clear) – water & few salts

Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands

Aprox. 2,000 are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas Ducts empty into hair follicles Begin to function at puberty Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)

Apocrine sweat glands

Sweat Composition

•Mostly water •Salts and vitamin C •Some metabolic waste •Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)

Sweat Function

•Helps dissipate excess heat •Excretes waste products •Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

Associated with bacteria

sweat

Modified apocrine sweat glands

Ciliary glands Ceruminous glands Mammary glands

Found in the eyelids

Ciliary glands

Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal Secretion mixes with sebum to produce cerumen or ear wax

Ceruminous glands

Secretes milk

Mammary glands

Produced by hair follicle Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale

Hair / Pili

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

Hair follicle

Smooth muscle cells Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened Important role: contractions force sebum out of hair follicles to the skin surface where it acts as skin lubricant.

Arrector Pili Muscle

Types of Hair growth

Lanugo Vellus Hair Terminal (Androgenic) Hair

very thin, soft, usually unpigmented, downy hair that is sometimes found on the body of a fetus or newborn

Lanugo

thin, fine hair that grows on most of your body

vellus hair

coarse, thick hair that is found on the scalp, underarms, and pubic area and in men found in face

Terminal (androgenic) hair

homeostatic imbalance in hair

Hirsutism Alopecia True or Frank Baldness

excessive hairiness may result from an adrenal gland or ovarian tumor

Hirsutism

hair thinning and some degree of baldness

Alopecia

Most common, male pattern baldness

true or frank baldness

Scale-like modifications of the epidermis Heavily keratinized Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed Responsible for growth Lack of pigment makes them colorless

Nail