Integumentary system Flashcards
1
Q
how much percentage of body weight is the integumentary system
A
16 %
2
Q
epidermal derivatives defe
A
develop from embryonic epidermis
3
Q
what are some of the accessory structures of skin
A
hair, nails, glands
4
Q
what are the 5 ffunctions of skin
A
protection
temperature regulation
excretion
detection
synthesis of chemicals
5
Q
what are the 2 parts associated with skin protection
A
cornification and melanin
6
Q
cornification function
A
conversion of soft cells to hard tissue.
reduce damage due to physical abrasion
not allow the growth of microorganisms due to its dry nature
is water resistant to dehydration and water gain
7
Q
what type of tissue is cornification
A
dry stratified squamous epithelium
8
Q
is cornification alive or dead
A
dead chemicals
9
Q
melanin function
A
protects from UV radiation
10
Q
melanin pigement
A
brown to black
11
Q
what 4 aspects are associated with temperature regulation
A
adipose/fat
superificial blood vessels in the dermis
sweat glands
arector pili muscles
12
Q
what are two things superficial blood vessels do to regulate temp
A
vasoconstriction to retain heat
vasodilation to release heat
13
Q
function of adipose/ fat in temp regulation
A
to insulate
14
Q
what do sweat glands contribute to the regulation of temperature
A
they do evaporation which has a cooling effect
15
Q
excretion def
A
remove waste
deals with sweat gland activity
16
Q
what do sweat glands deal with
A
water, sodium, fat, chloride, organic wastes
17
Q
detection is associated with what
A
sensory receptors, like touch, pressure, pain, temp
18
Q
synthesis of chemicals involves what
A
vitamin d3
bone growth and development
is influenced by the sun
19
Q
layers of skin
A
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
20
Q
what type of tissue is epidermis
A
dry stratifed squamous epithelium
21
Q
what are keratinocytes
A
the most abundant cell type and they produce keratin
22
Q
how many layers are in the epidermis
A
30 to 50 layers
23
Q
how many days does it take for the epidermis to replace itself
A
15 - 30 days
24
Q
what type of tissue is the dermis
A
connective tissue
25
what does and increased SA and increased friction do
increases the ability to hold together
26
what are epidermal pegs and dermal papillae
interweave in a squiggly line to increase strength and connection
27
what are two things associated witht the dermis
fingerprints and flexion lines
28
flexion lines function
to help skin stretch or squeeze
29
fingerprints are formed how
if dermal papillae are close enough togheer, they are able to form ridges at the surface of skin. they increase friction, grip, and sensitivity
30
what tissue is the hypodermis
adipose/areolar connective tissu
31
is there a clear boundary between epidermis and dermis
no, it is vague
32
what is leptin
a hormone that regulates appetite and increases fat burning
33
what are the main functions of the hypoderis
significant contribution to overall body fat %
insulation
shock absorber
hold skin loosely to deeper CT
source of leptin
34
Layers of the epidermis
stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
35
do individuals have different numbers of melanocytes or melanin or both
similar number of melanocytes, but differing amounts of melanin that is produced
36
what do tactile or merkel cells do
release chemicals when they are compressed
37
what does keratin do
it is an intermediate filament that contributes to water proofing the skin
38
info on stratum basale
it is the deepest layer, there is a single layer of cells that sit on the basement membrane,
most cells are keratinocytes
39
info on stratum spinosum
there is at least 10 layers of cells, that accumulate keratin. Some mitosis occurs here
40
artifact def
feature that stands out or is noticeable but is not present in vivo (living)
41
what are dendritic or longerhars cells
immune cells
42
what type of immune cells are in the stratum spinosum
dendritic or longerhars cells
43
stratu granulosum info
flattened layer of about 5 layers
there is no mitosis and cells have began dying
it looks super dark on a stain because cross linking of keratin occurs here
44
stratum lucidum is found where
only in thick skin
45
stratum lucidum info
about 5 layers of dead skin, is packets of keratin
no hair in these locations
46
corneum def
tissues/cells being converted to a harder substance
47
stratum corneum makes up how much of the epidermis
about 3/4
48
stratum corneum info
about 15-30 layers of flat/dead celss filled with keratin.
they are heaving keratinized but are constantly shed through abrasion
49
why do blisters from
when stratum corneum separates and fluid accumulates
50
what are calluses
a thicker layer of stratum corneum
51
kertitinization def
the formation of layers of dead cells that leads to packets of keratin
52
cornification def
the conversion of cells to harder substances
53
life cycle of a keratinocyte
it takes 15-30 days for a cell to move from strtum basale to stratum corneum (to then be shed)
goes through keritinization and cornification
54
thin skin info
covers most of the body
4 strata
epidermis is thinner here
dermis is thicker here
hair is present
55
thick skin info
limited to palms and hands
5 strata
epidermis is thicker here
dermis is thinner here
stratum lucidum is present
56
what affects skin color
melanin
57
what does tyrosine do
produce melanin
58
eumelanin pigment
brown
59
tumelanin pigment
black
60
phenomelanin pigment
redish
61
melanocytes are what
cells that produce melanin
62
where are melanocytes found
within the stratum basale/germinativum
63
how much percentage of cells are melanocytes
about 20 %
64
why does color differ
mainly due to how active the cells are
65
why is melanin produced
genetics
environmental cues
66
melanosomes are what
long processes that extend from melanocyte (are the little things that pinch off)
67
what are melanosomes phagocytosed by
keratinocytes
68
what is skin cancer due to
an accumulation of mutations to DNA
69
What is UV light considered in relation to mutations
it is a mutagen
70
what is a mutagen def
uncontrolled cell division
metastais
71
what is metastasis
the ability for cancer to spread
eroding blood vessels or lymph vessels
enters circularity system
grows more tumors at distinct site
72
albinism def
the inherited, inability to produce melanin
73
vitiligo def
depigmentation disease. it is the partial or complete loss of melanocytes . is autoimmune
74
what are the 3 types of melanin
eumelanin
tumelanin
phenomelanin
75
what are the 3 things that affect skin color
melanin
hemoglobin
carotene
76
melanin color
brown/black
77
hemoglobin is a pigment of what color and found where
has a pinkish hue and is found in red blood cells that carry oxygen. pinking of skin is evidence of blood within superficial blood vessels (blushing)
78
carotene color and source and location
is a yellow pigment
its source is from your diet
some people get it accumulated in stratum corneum
79
cyanosis is what
skin appears blue due to less oxygen in blood
80
erythema is what
redness in an area due to increased blood flow
81
pallor is what
decreased red, decreased blood flow
82
jaundice is what
accumulation of bilirubin. (issue with liver usually)
83
what are the layers of the dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
84
what tissue is found in the papillary layer
loose/areolar connective tissue
85
is papillary layer vascular or avascular
vascular
86
what tissue is found in the reticular layer
dense, irregular connective tissue
87
is the reticular layer vascular or avascular
avascular
88
what do collagen fibers do
make skin strongw
89
what do elastic fibers do
make skin extensible/recoil
90
what happens to collagen and elastic fibers do with age
decrease due to age or behaviors (like more UV light) this also leads to wrinkles lol
91
what is a derivative of skin def
develops from the epidermis as down growth
92
derivatives of skin example
hair, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, nails
93
sweat gland info
open up into hair follicles or at surface
94
sebaceous gland info
open up into hair follicles
95
what is the function of hair
protection from UV radiation, glare, heat loss, and prevents dirt from entering openings
96
what are the 3 layers of the hair
cuticle, cortex, and medulla
97
name 7 aspects of the structure of hair
root, hair bulb, dermal papillae, germinal matrix, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous gland
98
root of hair
the growth
99
hair bulb
expanded area
100
what happens in the germinal matrix
mitosis
101
what type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle
102
what hair color does a lot of eumelanin- brown form
brown
103
what hair color does a little amount of eumelanin-brown form
blonde
104
what hair color does a lot of eumelanin-black form
black
105
what hair color does a little amount of eumelanin-black form
gray
106
what hair color does phenomelanin form
redw
107
what hair color is fromed from no melanin
white
108
what is sebum found in
sebaceous gland
109
what is sebum a collection of
waxes, oils, fats, cell debris
110
emollient is what
a skin softener that is secreted in hair follicle then exited there
111
benefits of sebum
it prevents water evaporation and is an antibacterial/antifungal
112
bad part of sebum
overproduction can lead to acne
113
what are the 4 types of sweat glands
eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, and mammary
114
info on eccrine gland
it is mostly water and is open to the surface of skin
115
what is the eccrine gland a respondant of
heat stress
116
apocrine gland info
is not as much of a clean water and has a lot of other stuff in it, it is open into hair follicles
117
where is apocrine glands found
mainly concentrated in hairy areas like armpit and groin
118
what is apocrine glands a respondant of
emotional stress
119
what is ceruminous gland
ear wax
120
what is mammary gland
milk
121
