integumentary system Flashcards by katelyn kommer

What is the epidermis?

outermost layer of skin

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What is the function of epidermis?

protection and the production of new cells; also determines the type of skin

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What is the stratum corneum?

the outermost layer of the epidermis is composed of 20-24 layers of dead keratin-filled cells.

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What is the stratum lucidum?

layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis ONLY FOUND IN THICK SKIN

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What is the stratum spinosum?

The thickest layer of the epidermis; functions by stimulating defense against foreign invaders to help the immune system

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What is the stratum basale?

deepest layer of epidermis; rapidly divides to creplac the dead keratinocytes is higher layers

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What is adipose?

fat tissue

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What is the dermis?

Inner layer of skin

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What is the subcutaneous layer?

hypodermis mainly containing adipose

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What are nerves?

fibers that transmit signals between the brain and the body

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What are arteriole blood vessels?

blood vessels that carries blood away from the heart

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What are venule blood vessels?

blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

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What is collagen?

protein that strength and forms the skin

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What is elastin?

connective tissue protein with elastic properties/ allows skin to stretch and come back

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What is the arrector pili muscle?

small muscle that causes hair to stand up

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What is melanin?

pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes

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What is Meissner’s corpuscle?

nerve ending that senses fine touch

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What is keratin?

protein that forms hair, nails, and outer layer of skin

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What is a sebaceous gland?

oil gland found in hair that produces sebum

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What is a sweat gland?

gland that controls body temp through water evaporation from the skin

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What is the hair follicle/shaft?

Where the hair grows from and where properties are determined

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What is a pacinian corpuscle?

nerve ending responsible for sensing vibrations and deep pressure

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What is the dermal papillae?

ridges at the top of the dermis that strongly attatches to the epidermis

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What is the integumentary system?

The skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, sensory receptors)

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What are the main functions of the integumentary system?

protection, body temp regulation, and more

What are the 2 dermis layers?

papillary and reticular

What is the papillary layer?

dermis layer with many blood vessels, it nourishes the epidermis

What is the reticular layer?

part of the dermis made of collagen and elastin; contains blood vessels and sensory receptors

Whats another name for the hypodermis?

subcutaneous layer

What is the function of the hypodermis?

connect the skin to the fibrous tissue of the underlying bone and muscle

What is the hypodermis made of?

well vascularized(many blood vessels) adipose tissue

What is a laceration?

jagged cut

What is the healing of a laceration?

heals with jagged edges and more scarring than a simple incision

What is an abrasion?

skin being rubbed off by a rough surface(carpet burn/road rash)

What is the healing of an abrasion?

little to no scarring depending on depth

What is an avulsion?

piece of skin or underlying tissue that is torn loose, hanging from the body, or completely removed

What is the healing of an avulsion?

piece has to be surgically reattached or given a skin graft with moderate scarring

What is a puncture?

injury that is deeper than it is wide(stab wound)

What is the healing of a puncture?

surface may heal too quick but leave infection underneath, little scarring

What is the first phase of healing?

the initial response to maintain homeostasis

What do platelets do?

clot the blood at the site of a wound

What cells initiate inflammation during the healing process?

damaged cells

What is the second phase of healing?

an inflammatory response to prevent infection

What do cells do to prevent infection?

immune cells cluster at the wound

What is the third phase of healing?

growing phase to restore the wound(proliferative phase)

What two things form around a wound in the third phase of healing?

new blood vessels and a temporary extracellular matrix

What is the fourth phase of healing?

remodeling phase where tissue strength/function is restored

What two things are involved in healthy wound healing?

fibroblasts and macrophages

What is the order of the healing phases?

bleeding->inflammation->proliferation->remodeling

Whats the definition of a burn?

tissue damaged by heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals

What is the immediate threat of burns?

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock

What is a full thickness burn?

burn that results in obstruction of all layers of skin, and sometimes the underlying muscle and bones

What is damaged in a first degree burn?

epidermis only

What does a first degree burn look like?

localized redness, swelling, and pain

What is damaged in a second degree burn?

epidermis and upper dermis

What does a second degree burn look like?

blisters will have appeared

What type of burn is a third degree burn?

a full thickness burn

What does a third degree burn look like?

skin turns gray/white, cherry red, or blackened

Why doesnt third degree burns swell or feel pain?

because the nerve endings are destroyed

What type of burn is a fourth degree burn?

full thickness burn that also effects underlying bones and muscles

What does a fourth degree burn look like?

charred and black

What is the most common result of fourth degree burns?

loss of burned part

Is regeneration possible after a fourth degree burn?

What is the required treatment after fourth degree burns?

skin grafting

What is the rule of nines?

tool used by healthcare proffesionals to access the total body surface area involved in burn patients

What the surface area of the head and neck?

What is the surface area of the front torso?

18%

What is the surface area of the back torso?

18%

What is the surface area of the backs of the arm?

4.5%

What is the surface area of the fronts of the arm?

4.5%

What is the surface area of the back of the leg?

What is the surface area of the front of the leg?

what is the surface area of the genetalia?

What is the purpose of the parkland formula?

to calculate the amount of fluid that should be administered to critically burned patients

What burns is the parkland formula usually used on?

2nd degree burns and more

What is the equation for the parkland formula?

4mL x patients weight(kg) x TBSA burned

What fluid is given to burn patients?

Lactated ringers/ isotonic solution used for aggressive fluid resuscitation

At what rate is fluid given to burn patients?

half of the total fluid is given in the first 8 hours; second have is given in the next 16 hours

What is the most common complication in wounds?

infection

What complication should always be considered in flame burns?

inhalation injury

What may be needed for full thickness burns that are causing constriction?

an escharotomy

What is common in full thickness burns

anemia

What are the long term effects of sever burns?

decreased bonse density and muscle mass

What is the first step of immediate care for burns?

stop burning process (remove heat/douse chemical burn)

What is the second step of immediate care for burns?

cool burn with room temp water for 10-20 mins

What is the third step of immediate care for burns?

remove clothing/jewelry from the area

What is the fourth step of immediate care for burns?

cover burn with a clean dry dressing or cloth

what is the fifth step of immediate care for burns?

seek medical attention for severe burns

Three major types of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Least malignant and most common Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases