integumentary system

Question 1

What is the integumentary system?

Answer 1

The body covering, which includes the skin and its appendages (e.g. hair, nails, oil and sweat glands), as well as blood vessels, lymphatic and nerve endings embedded in the skin + the hypodermis.

Question 2

What are the primary functions of the skin?

Answer 2

• Protection from environmental insults
• Protection from dehydration
• Insulation
• Temperature regulation
• Sensation
• Production of vitamin D folates
• Layer of fat

Question 3

What are the three main layers of the skin?

Answer 3

• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis

Question 4

What type of tissue is the epidermis?

Answer 4

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

How many layers are typically found in the epidermis?

Answer 5

4 layers in thin skin, 5 layers in thick skin (including stratum lucidum)

Question 6

What are the four types of cells found in the epidermis?

Answer 6

• Keratinocytes
• Melanocytes
• Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
• Tactile epithelial (Merkel) cells

Question 7

What is the role of keratinocytes?

Answer 7

Most abundant cells in the epidermis that produce keratin

Question 8

What is the function of melanocytes?

Answer 8

Produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes for skin pigmentation and protection from UV damage

Question 9

Where are dendritic cells located and what is their function?

Answer 9

Immune cells that form a network in the epidermis

Question 10

What is the role of tactile epithelial cells?

Answer 10

Act as receptors for sensation at the epidermal-dermal junction

Question 11

Match the cell type to its function: Dendritic cell

Answer 11

Ingests foreign substances and activates the immune system

Question 12

Match the cell type to its function: Melanocyte

Answer 12

Produces pigments that determine our skin color

Question 13

Match the cell type to its function: Keratinocyte

Answer 13

The most abundant cell type in the epidermis

Question 14

What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

Answer 14

• Stratum basale
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)

Question 15

What characterizes the stratum basale?

Answer 15

Deepest epidermal layer, single layer of keratinocytes/stem cells, includes melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

Question 16

What is found in the stratum spinosum?

Answer 16

Several layers of keratinocytes with thick bundles of pre-keratin and dendritic cells

Question 17

What occurs in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 17

Keratinocytes contain keratohyaline and lamellar granules; cells are starting to disintegrate

Question 18

What is the significance of the stratum lucidum?

Answer 18

A clear layer found only in thick skin

Question 19

What is the stratum corneum composed of?

Answer 19

Flattened dead keratinocytes, 20-30 layers thick

Question 20

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 20

• Papillary dermis
• Reticular dermis

Question 21

What is the composition of the papillary dermis?

Answer 21

Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastin, blood vessels, nerve endings, and touch receptors

Question 22

What characterizes the reticular dermis?

Answer 22

Coarse, dense, irregular connective tissue, making up 80% of the dermis

Question 23

What are the three major forms of skin cancer?

Answer 23

• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Melanoma

Question 24

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

Answer 24

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 25

What is the most dangerous form of skin cancer?

Answer 25

Melanoma

Question 26

What are the components of skin appendages?

Answer 26

* Hair * Nails * Sweat glands * Sebaceous glands

Question 27

What is the primary structure that produces hair?

Answer 27

Hair follicles

Question 28

What are the macroscopic parts of a hair?

Answer 28

* Shaft * Root

Question 29

What is the nail matrix responsible for?

Answer 29

Growth of the nail

Question 30

A nail forms a clear protective covering on the _______ surface of the _______ part of a finger or toe.

Answer 30

[DORSAL] [DISTAL]

Question 31

A nail is made of _______ keratin.

Answer 31

[HARD]

Question 32

The nail rests on a bed of epidermis called the nail bed. Over the nail bed is the nail plate, which is effectively the stratum _______ of the epidermis.

Answer 32

[CORNEUM]

Question 33

The part of the nail responsible for its growth is called the nail matrix, which is a thickened _______ portion of the nail bed.

Answer 33

[PROXIMAL]

Question 34

A nail is made of (SOFT or HARD) keratin?

Answer 34

HARD keratin

Question 35

The nail rests on a bed of epidermis called the _______.

Answer 35

nail bed

Question 36

The nail plate is effectively the stratum _____________ of the epidermis.

Answer 36

corneum

Question 37

The part of the nail responsible for its growth is called the _______.

Answer 37

nail matrix

Question 38

The nail matrix is a thickened (PROXIMAL or DISTAL) portion of the nail bed.

Answer 38

PROXIMAL

Question 39

Nails normally appear pink because _________________

Answer 39

of the underlying blood vessels

Question 40

The crescent-shaped region that lies over the thick nail matrix is _______.

Answer 40

white

Question 41

Nails have 3 folds, namely skin folds. One of these folds is the cuticle, which projects (PROXIMALLY or DISTALLY) onto the nail body.

Answer 41

PROXIMALLY

Question 42

The other two skin folds lie (LATERALLY or MEDIALLY) to the nail body.

Answer 42

LATERALLY

Question 43

The thickened area beneath the free edge of the nail is called _______.

Answer 43

hyponychium

Question 44

Endocytosis is a form of _______ transport.

Answer 44

active

Question 45

Endocytosis is a vesicular transport that moves substances _______ the cells.

Answer 45

into

Question 46

Name the several types of endocytosis based on the cell type.

Answer 46

* Phagocytosis * Pinocytosis * Receptor-endocytosis * Vesicular trafficking

Question 47

Exocytosis is also a form of _______ transport.

Answer 47

active

Question 48

Exocytosis is a vesicular transport that moves substances _______ of the cells.

Answer 48

out

Question 49

Ceruminous glands and mammary glands are specialized/modified _______ sweat glands.

Answer 49

apocrine

Question 50

Merocrine glands release secretory products via _______.

Answer 50

exocytosis

Question 51

Holocrine glands accumulate secretory products in the secretory cells, which then _______.

Answer 51

die

Question 52

In holocrine glands, the entire cell and its secretory products are released into a _______.

Answer 52

short duct