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uriniary system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main functions of the Urinary System?

A
  • Excretion: removal of organic wastes from body fluids
  • Elimination: discharge of waste products
  • Homeostatic regulation: of blood plasma volume and solute concentration
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2
Q

What organs are involved in the urinary tract?

A
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

What is the process of eliminating urine called?

A

Urination or Micturition

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4
Q

How does the urinary system help regulate blood pressure?

A

By adjusting volume of water lost in urine and releasing erythropoietin and renin

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5
Q

What ions does the urinary system regulate?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Chloride
  • Calcium (through synthesis of calcitriol)
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6
Q

What are the two functional components of a nephron?

A
  • Vascular component
  • Tubular component
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7
Q

How much blood do the kidneys receive each minute?

A

~1200 ml

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8
Q

What is the role of the renal artery?

A

To supply blood to the kidneys

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9
Q

What structure filters blood in the kidneys?

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

A structure associated with renal capillaries and involved in regulating blood pressure and filtration rate

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11
Q

What is the first part of the nephron’s tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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12
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Active removal of ions and organic substrates, producing osmotic water flow out of tubular fluid

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13
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle?

A

To concentrate urine by reabsorbing water and ions

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14
Q

What is the final adjustment of tubular fluid composition made by?

A

DCT and Collecting Ducts

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15
Q

What determines final urine concentration?

A

Exposure to ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

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16
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  • Cortical nephrons
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons
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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The kidneys are covered in a _______.

A

tough fibrous capsule

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18
Q

True or False: The left kidney lies inferior to the right kidney.

A

False

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19
Q

What is the total number of nephrons in the kidneys?

A

About 2 million

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20
Q

What is the function of the vasa recta?

A

To absorb solutes and water reabsorbed by loop of Henle and the ducts

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21
Q

What does the efferent arteriole do?

A

Recombines glomerular capillaries and leads to peritubular capillaries

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22
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

The area where collecting ducts drain into, continuous with the ureter

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23
Q

How does the urinary system help stabilize blood pH?

A

By controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine

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24
Q

What is the average filtration rate of the kidneys?

A

~180 L/day (~120 ml/min)

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25
What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
~120-125 ml/min or 180 l/day
26
What is the significance of a high turnover in glomerular filtration?
Essential to clear blood of toxic or waste materials
27
How often is the entire extracellular fluid exposed to filtration?
Around 10 times a day
28
What does eGFR stand for?
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
29
What are important factors affecting GFR?
* Autoregulation * Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) * Pathologies
30
What happens to GFR when it becomes dependent on arterial pressure?
It becomes problematic
31
What two types of pressure regulate GFR?
* Hydrostatic pressure * Oncotic pressure
32
What is tubulo-glomerular feedback?
A mechanism that regulates glomerular filtration rate
33
What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
Control of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration
34
Why is it important to keep blood flow and GFR within narrow limits?
To preserve perfusion in emergency situations like hypotensive shock
35
What protects glomerular capillaries from increases in blood pressure?
Regulation independent of renal nerves and circulating hormones
36
What is the myogenic response?
A response that helps regulate blood flow and GFR
37
What favors ultrafiltration in the glomerular capillaries?
Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
38
What opposes movement of water and solutes across the capillary wall?
* Oncotic pressure * Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule
39
What factors regulate glomerular filtration?
* Hydrostatic pressure gradient * Oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins * Capillary wall structure
40
Fill in the blank: Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule _______ filtration into the renal tubule.
opposes
41
What happens to GFR when the afferent arteriole relaxes?
Increased GFR due to increased blood flow
42
What effect does constriction of the efferent arteriole have on GFR?
Increases GFR due to increased hydrostatic pressure
43
Name one substance that increases hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole.
Prostaglandins
44
What is the effect of nitric oxide on glomerular filtration?
Increases blood flow into glomerular capillaries
45
What is the effect of angiotensin II on GFR?
Constriction of efferent arteriole increases GFR
46
True or False: A decrease in hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries leads to increased GFR.
False
47
What role does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) play in GFR regulation?
Increases hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole
48
What is tubulo-glomerular feedback's role in kidney function?
Regulates GFR based on the flow rate of filtrate
49
What is the primary function of the renal tubule?
Biological plumbing
50
What are the main components of renal tubule function?
* Pressure * Flow * Tubing * Filters * Reservoirs * Control Systems
51
What percentage of ions in filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
100% of ions in filtrate
52
What is the sodium reabsorption rate in the proximal tubule?
~60% of Na reabsorbed
53
How does water follow sodium in the proximal tubule?
Water follows the Na by passive diffusion via paracellular and cellular pathways
54
What is the sodium reabsorption rate in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop?
~15-25% of Na reabsorbed
55
Is the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop permeable to water?
No, it is impermeable to water
56
What is the Na/K/Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending limb responsible for?
Electroneutral transport of 1 Na+, 1 K+, and 2 Cl-
57
What role does the Na-H exchanger play in the thick ascending limb?
Coupled to H+ transport, affecting pH
58
What is the function of the Na-K pump in the thick ascending limb?
Maintains Na+ gradient for reabsorption
59
What is the sodium reabsorption mechanism in the distal convoluted tubule?
Transcellular via Na/Cl cotransporter and Na-K pump
60
What is the effect of Na reabsorption and counter current flow in the nephron?
Produces a hyper-osmotic area
61
What is the osmotic gradient within the renal medulla used for?
Allows for the production of dilute urine (~150 mOsm/l) and concentrated urine (~1200 mOsm/l)
62
How does vasopressin affect water reabsorption?
Upregulates water permeability in the distal tubule
63
What is the primary mechanism of glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?
Na/glucose transporter via secondary active transport
64
What are the types of glucose transporters in the proximal tubule?
* SGLT2 (early proximal) * SGLT1 (late proximal) * GLUT2 (basolateral early) * GLUT1 (basolateral late)
65
What is the absorption mechanism for urea in the kidneys?
* Paracellular absorption in proximal tubule * Urea transporter UT2 in thin descending limb * Urea transporter UT1 reabsorbs in collecting duct * Urea transporter UT4 facilitates diffusion
66
What is the absorption rate of amino acids in the proximal tubule?
99% reabsorbed
67
What is the absorption mechanism for calcium in the proximal tubule?
* 80% paracellular (high Ca2+ permeability) * 20% transcellular
68
What is the absorption rate of calcium in the thick ascending limb?
* 50% paracellular (lumen positive voltage) * 50% transcellular

human anatomy (21 decks)

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