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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System - AnaPhy Lab > Flashcards

Integumentary System - AnaPhy Lab Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system is composed of

A

skin, or cutaneous membrane, plus its accessory structures: hairs, nails, and glands.

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2
Q

the largest and most visible organ of the body

A

skin

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3
Q

functions of skin

A
  • protection by forming an impenetrable barrier to infectious agents
  • excretion of sweat, waste products (including lactic acid and urea) are released onto the skin.
  • enable sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, pressure, and vibration
  • thermoregulation by removing excess heat or preventing heat loss
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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4
Q

The skin is made up of two distinct layers:

A

the superficial epidermis and the underlying dermis

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5
Q

lies deep to the dermis, and although it is not considered a component of the skin, it does help the skin perform its functions

A

hypodermis (or subcutaneous layer)

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6
Q

consists of loose connective tissue with many blood vessels and adipose tissue.

A

hypodermis

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7
Q

The epidermis is

A

avascular and composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

The epidermis contains four distinct cell types:

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and Merkel (tactile) cells

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9
Q

produce the strong waterproofing protein keratin

A

keratinocytes

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10
Q

produce the protective pigment melanin

A

melanocytes

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11
Q

are specialized white blood cells that migrate to the epidermis, where they function as phagocytes.

A

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

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12
Q

are located at the epidermal–dermal junction and function in light touch reception

A

Merkel (tactile) cells

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13
Q

thick skin is located where

A

only in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

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14
Q

thick skin contains how many strata?

A

five strata

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15
Q

thin skin is located where

A

located everywhere else in the body

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16
Q

thin skin contains how many strata?

A

four strata

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17
Q

what stratum is absent in thin skin?

A

stratum lucidum is absent

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18
Q

what are the five layers/strata of the epidermis? (from top to bottom)

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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19
Q

the deepest layer of the epidermis, consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) attached to a basement membrane.

A

stratum basale

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20
Q

contains 8–10 layers of cells, mostly keratinocytes that have a “spiny” appearance in histological preparations.

A

stratum spinosum

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21
Q

consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes that undergo a drastic change in appearance as they begin to fill with keratin (a process called keratinization).

A

stratum granulosum

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22
Q

which is found only in the thick skin of the palms and soles, consists of two to four translucent layers of flat, dead keratinocytes

A

stratum lucidum

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23
Q

The most superficial epidermal stratum, the ______________________, is the thickest stratum, consisting of 20–30 layers of cells.

A

stratum corneum

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24
Q

Underlying the epidermis is the highly vascular ______

A

dermis

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25
Q

Underlying the epidermis is the highly vascular dermis,
which consists of a

A

papillary layer and a reticular layer

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26
Q

which lies immediately deep to the stratum basale and largely consists of loose connective tissue, is so named because it contains finger-like
projections called dermal papillae, many of which contain
capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying,
avascular epidermis

A

papillary layer

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27
Q

finger-like projections called ___________________ , many of which contain capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying, avascular epidermis.

A

dermal papillae

28
Q

Other dermal papillae contain __________________, which respond to light touch, or free nerve endings, which function as pain or temperature receptors.

A

tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

29
Q

are prominent on the hands and feet and form dermal ridges that indent the epidermis and form fingerprints.

A

Dermal papillae

30
Q

the deepest layer of the skin, consists largely of dense, irregular connective tissue and accounts for approximately 80% of dermal thickness.

A

reticular layer

31
Q

The reticular layer contains

A

an abundance of collagen fibers (for strength), elastic fibers (for flexibility), and reticular fibers (to form a supporting network for dermal structures).

32
Q

are also located in the reticular layer. Their multilayered capsule is specialized to detect pressure and vibrations

A

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

33
Q

The accessory structures of the skin include

A

hairs, nails, and glands

34
Q

Hairs are found all over the body surface—with the exception of the

A

palms, soles, lips, parts of the external genitalia,
and nipples.

35
Q

are produced by structures called hair follicles

A

Hairs

36
Q

Hairs are produced by structures called

A

hair follicles

37
Q

Hairs consist of two basic parts:

A

shaft and root

38
Q

which is composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells and projects from the skin surface

A

hair shaft

39
Q

which is enclosed by the hair follicle projecting down into the dermis

A

hair root

40
Q

a hair can be seen to consist of three distinct layers of keratinized cells

A

an inner medulla, a middle cortex, and an outer cuticle

41
Q

Hair color is largely determined by the type and amount of ________ within the _______________

A

melanin; cortex

42
Q

is formed by layers of epidermal tissue, called the epithelial root sheath, that is surrounded by a dermal root sheath composed of connective tissue.

A

hair follicle

43
Q

layers of epidermal tissue that is surrounded by a dermal root sheath composed of connective tissue

A

epithelial root sheath

44
Q

cause goosebumps

A

arrector pili muscle

45
Q

knob-like base of the hair root that contains the matrix, the living, mitotically active part of the hair that adds new hair cells to the base of the hair root.

A

hair bulb

46
Q

are connected to the base of the hair bulb

A

sensory receptors

47
Q

a small projection of dermal tissue from the dermal root
sheath that protrudes into the hair bulb, contains capillaries
that supply the growing hair cells with oxygen and nutrients

A

hair papilla

48
Q

are modifications of the epidermis that protect the dorsal ends of the fingers and toes.

A

Nails

49
Q

These structures are associated with a nail:

A

two nail folds, the eponychium (or cuticle), lunula

50
Q

the folds of skin along either side of the nail body

A

two nail folds

51
Q

the thick fold at the proximal end of the nail

A

eponychium (or cuticle)

52
Q

the white, crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail.

A

lunula

53
Q

rests on a region of the epidermis called the nail bed.

A

nail body

54
Q

nail body rests on a region of the epidermis called the

A

nail bed

55
Q

The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed, called the _______________, is responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

56
Q

are exocrine glands—glands that release
their secretory products onto external or internal body surfaces.

A

Sebaceous Glands

57
Q

Most sebaceous glands secrete an oily, acidic substance called _____________ into hair follicles, although some deposit sebum directly onto the skin surface.

A

sebum

58
Q

acts as a lubricant that keeps the skin and hair soft and moist and deters the growth of infectious agents

A

sebum

59
Q

Sebaceous glands are located

A

in skin everywhere except the palms and soles.

60
Q

which are also exocrine glands, consist of a coiled secretory component and a duct composed of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue.

A

sweat glands

61
Q

Two types of glands produce sweat:

A

eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

62
Q

are distributed all over the body, and they secrete sweat that is primarily water but also contains salts and waste products.

A

eccrine sweat glands

63
Q

The primary function of eccrine sweat glands is

A

temperature regulation

64
Q

are confined to the groin, axillae, and the areola around each nipple.

A

apocrine sweat glands

65
Q

They tend to be larger and deeper in the dermis than eccrine sweat glands, and they have ducts that empty into hair follicles

A

apocrine sweat glands

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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