Integumentary system Part II

Question 1

What is pilosebaceous unit?

Answer 1

is the hair that is produced in a follicle associated with the sebaceous glands and a smooth muscle bundle (arrector pili).

Question 2

what does the hair compose of?

Answer 2

The hair composes of thin, long, cylindrical shaft of keratin.

Question 3

The function of the hair.

Answer 3

Hair funtion in thermoregulation, particulary heat conservation.

Question 4

Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes what?

Answer 4

Causes the hair to stand up which creates the appearance of goosebumps.

Question 5

when does the skin appendages develops?

Answer 5

Skin appendages develop in the second trimester as simple downgrowths of the epidermis into the subepithelial layers of the mesoderm – eventually the dermis and subcutis

Question 6

Name the two types of hair?

Answer 6

Soft body hair (vellus hair)
Coarse hair (terminal hair)

Question 7

What tissues make up hair?

Answer 7

perifollicular connective tissue and epithelium

Question 8

The superficial part of follicles are known as what?

Answer 8

Infundibulum

Question 9

Tubular structure with bulb-like expansion at base –——–a—– enclosing the ——–b—–

Answer 9

a. Hair bulb
b. hair papilla

Question 10

In the hair bulb the cells start as a mass called the ——– which forms five epithelial layers as it grows.

Answer 10

Hair matrix

Question 11

Name the five epithelial layer the hair matrix forms.
in detailed form.

Answer 11

Two outer layers:
Internal sheath
External sheath
Three inner layers:
Cuticle – keratinised, hard thin layer that surrounds cortex
Cortex – highly keratinised, surrounds medulla
Medulla – innermost layer, core of hair shaft

Question 12

A. Skin overlying the nail
B. Skin beneath free end of the nail

Answer 12

a. Eponychium
b. Hyponychium

Question 13

The nail plate and dermis beneath it are firmly attached to what?

Answer 13

distal phalanx

Question 14

At the proximal end of the nail bed is the……?

Answer 14

nail root

Question 15

The nail plate rests on the—–A—– which is composed of stratified ——B——

Answer 15

A. nail bed
B. squamous epithelium

Question 16

The nail root and underlying nail bed extends deep into the dermis to lie in opposition to the ….?

Answer 16

distal interphalangeal joint

Question 17

The nails Consist of a dense keratinised plate known as the…..?

Answer 17

nail plate

Question 18

Where do we find the sebaceous gland and is classified as what type of gland?

Answer 18

Found all over the body except in the palms and soles
Classified as simple branched acinar

Question 19

The majority of the sebaceous gland are associated with what?
Some are independent of the hair follicles, they open directly to the skin found where?

Answer 19

1. Majority are associated with hair follicles
2. Others are independent of the hair follicle, they open directly on to skin -found in the areolae, nipples, vulva (labia minora) and eyelids

Question 20

The acinar has a ——- secretion

Answer 20

holocrine mode of secretion

Question 21

Function of sebaceous gland?

Answer 21

Secretes sebum which mixes with lipids to maintain and waterproof the stratum corneum and hair shafts

Question 22

The eccrine glands are classified as what type of gland?
found where?

Answer 22

Classified as simple coiled tubular
Found in the dermis, abundant in the soles of the foot, palms and axillae

Question 23

The eccrine is essential for what?

Answer 23

Essential for thermoregulation through production of sweat

Question 24

Has an outer layer of contractile ——–A—— that form a discontinuous layer between the ——B—– and the ——-C——-

Answer 24

A. myoepithelial cells
B. secretory cells
C. basement membrane

Question 25

The eccrine has two portion name those portion?

Answer 25

Two portions: Secretory component and Duct component

Question 26

secretory component 1. what does clear cells secretes and what does dark cells secretes? 2. What does the myoepithelial cells do?

Answer 26

1. Made up of clear cells (secrete watery sweat and electrolytes) and dark cells (secrete macromolecules in sweat using merocrine secretion) 2.Myoepithelial cells - they contract to expel secretion into the duct

Question 27

Duct components characteristics?

Answer 27

Lined by dark cells which form a layer of stratified cuboidal epithelium with microvilli in the lumen)

Question 28

1. secretion of duct components are passed where? 2.As eccrine duct passes through dermis it becomes coiled ?

Answer 28

1.Secretions are passed into a coiled duct which ascends through dermis to surface 2.(acrosyringium)

Question 29

Apocrine gland Limited distribution, connected to

Answer 29

infundibulum

Question 30

Where do we find apocrine glands? Type of the gland and describes the organelles?

Answer 30

Mainly found in the axillae and groin Coiled tubular gland with dilated lumen and distinct budding appearance of apical cytoplasm

Question 31

Apocrine gland Secretory component is consists of and found where?

Answer 31

simple cuboidal epithelium found in deep reticular dermis or subcutis

Question 32

True or false apocrine gland Not functional until puberty

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Apocrine glands produces a slightly what?

Answer 33

Produces a slightly viscous secretion by exocytosis (apocrine mode of secretion) that may acquire an odour with bacteria activation

Question 34

1. Layer of connective tissue derived from mesoderm? 2. What does this layer supports? 3. What does this layer responsible for? 4. Name the fibres in this layer and the arrangement of the fibres 5. Name the two layers this layer has

Answer 34

1. Dermis 2. Supports the overlying epidermis and anchors it to the hypodermis 3. Responsible for tone and texture of skin, contains skin appendages, vascular supply, nerves and nerve endings 4. Bundles of collagen fibres and strands of elastic fibres embedded in small amounts of acellular ground substance with fibroblasts 5. Has two layers: Papillary dermis and Reticular dermis

Question 35

Differentiates between papillary dermis and reticular dermis

Answer 35

A. Papillary dermis Thin layer of loose connective tissue with fibroblast, cell and fibres that anchor to the basal lamina and bind the epidermis to the dermis B. Reticular dermis Thicker layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Question 36

A. what does the papillary dermis contains B. What does the reticular dermis contain?

Answer 36

A. Contains arterioles, venules and fine nerve endings from Meissner corpuscles B. Contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 37

Classify the dermis A. Loose, fine, interlacing collagen and elastic fibres B. Lymphocytes are present but scarce, they increase in number in skin diseases Varies in thickness depending on area of the body

Answer 37

A. Papillary dermis B. Reticular dermis

Question 38

A. Layer of loose connective tissue that binds skin loosely to the subjacent organ (subcutaneous fascia) B. what does this layer contains? C. Compartmentalization of this layer D. what does the extensive vascular supply promotes? E. In areas with terminal hair the subcutis contains F. In parts of the face the subcutis contains

Answer 38

A. Hypodermis B. Contains adipocytes for energy storage and insulation C. Compartmentalized by vertical fibrous septa running from deep reticular dermis to fascial fibrous tissue that underlies subcutis D. Extensive vascular supply promotes rapid uptake of compounds injected into this tissue E. the hair follicle and apocrine and eccrine glands F. sheets of skeletal muscle, such as the muscles of facial expression

Question 39

Describe the layers in the scalp Dermis and hypodermis

Answer 39

Dermis: Broad layer, upper part contains abundant hair follicles and associated sebaceous glands Hypodermis: Similarly broad, contains the deeper aspects of the follicles such as the hair bulb Fibrous layer is deep to subcutis

Question 40

A. Skin of soles and palms are B. Explain the layers of the Sole C. Acrosyringium is visible –

Answer 40

A. Glabrous (no hair and follicles) B. Epidermis: Thick, prominent granular layer with thick layer of compact keratin (stratum corneum) Elongated epidermal ridges extend into dermis to increase area of attachment and minimise risk of separation C. intraepidermal aspect of the eccrine ducts (sweat duct)

Question 41

Explain the skin of the mons pubis, labium majus and labium minus

Answer 41

Mons Pubis: Skin with abundant hair follicles and apocrine glands, thick layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue Labium Mujus: Pilosebaceous units in upper dermis, smooth muscle fibres in deep dermis Inner surface has no hair follicles but has sebaceous glands Labium Munus: No hair follicles Stratified keratinised squamous epithelium with scattered sebaceous glands that open directly onto skin

Question 42

What is Naevi?

Answer 42

Also termed “moles” Common benign accumulation of melanocytes in: Dermis –intradermal naevus Epidermis –junctional naevus Dermis and Epidermis –Compound naevus

Question 43

A. what is malignant melanoma B. Particularly affect which people?

Answer 43

A. Malignant melanoma is a dangerous malignant tumour of melanocytes It is the most invasive skin cancer with the highest risk of death About 30% of melanoma’s begin existing in naevi, rest on normal skin B. Particularly affects pale-skinned people exposed to excessive UV Light

Question 44

A. Transition of keratinocytes from basal cells to granular layer of degenerating cells is an organised maturation process producing tough water-resistant keratin on the skin surface B. Process takes C. Process description D. Clinically the skin?

Answer 44

A. Psoriasis ~ 50-60 Days Psoriasis manifests as epidermal hyperplasia with accelerated maturation of ~ 7 Days C. This rushed process does not allow the granular layer to form properly and nuclei remain in the keratinised squamous cells D. Clinically the skin has a surface of opaque, flaky, white scale overlying a thickened red epidermis

Question 45

What are skin appendages?

Answer 45

hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Question 46

Which layer of the skin has appendages?

Answer 46

Dermis