Integumentary System & Wound and tissue repair

Question 1

What are the organs of the integumentary system?

Answer 1

Skin, hair, nails and glands

Question 2

What is the epidermis?

Answer 2

• Outermost layer of the skin (top layer)
• Acts as a protective barrier
• Makes new skin
• Protects body
• Provides skin colour (contains melanin)

Question 3

What is melanin?

Answer 3

It is a pigment that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation - determines the colour of your skin

Question 4

What is another name for the subcutaneous layer?

Answer 4

Hypodermis

Question 5

What are the 3 major cells that make up the epidermis?

Answer 5

Keratinocytes - produce protein keratin
Melanocytes - skin pigment known as melanin
Langerhan cells - prevent things from getting into skin

Question 6

What is the dermis?

Answer 6

The middle layer - composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres

Question 7

What epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance?

Answer 7

Langerhans cells

Question 8

What layer of epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes?

Answer 8

Stratum basale

Question 9

What is the dermis?

Answer 9

Middle layer of skin. It’s tole is to support and protect the skin and deeper layers & assist in thermoregulation

Question 10

What does thermoregulation mean?

Answer 10

Homeostatic process that maintains a seated internal body temp despite changes in external conditions

Question 11

Where is the stratum lucidum present in?

Answer 11

Only present in thick skin

Question 12

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus which is the thickening of the … of the epidermis?

Answer 12

Stratum corneum

Question 13

What layer of the skin is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres?

Answer 13

The dermis

Question 14

Which of the following structures found in the skin plays an important role in thermoregulation?

Answer 14

Sweat glands

Question 15

In this type of scar the scar tissue extends beyond the boundary of the injury into normal tissue?

Answer 15

Keloid scar

Question 16

What condition is characterised by excessive body hair caused by tumours in adrenal glands, testes or ovaries?

Answer 16

Hirsutism

Question 17

Which condition is due to a buildup of bilirubin pigment in the skin?

Answer 17

Jaundice

Question 18

What term refers to redness of the skin such as seen in pts with inflammation, infection or heat exposure?

Answer 18

Erythema

Question 19

Which term refers to planes of the skin such as seen in its with shock or anemia?

Answer 19

Pallor

Question 20

Which term refers to an inflammation of the skin characterised by patches of redness, blistering and extreme itching?

Answer 20

Eczema

Question 21

A pt has stepped on a nail - list the sequential layers of strata of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to finally reach the dermis?

Answer 21

corneum, lucidum, granulosom, spinosum, basale

Question 22

What skin disorder involves inflammation of sebaceous glands by bacteria which thrive in the lipid rich sebum?

Answer 22

Acne

Question 23

What structures found in the skin help prevent water loss and inhibits bacterial growth on the surface of the skin?

Answer 23

Oil glands

Question 24

Where are the ceruminous glands located and what do they do?

Answer 24

Located in ear canal and are involved in producing a waxy secretion called cerumen which provides a sticky barrier that prevents entry of foreign bodies into air canal

Question 25

What is the stratum basale and what does it have ?

Answer 25

Deepest layer of skin Has keratinocytes stem cells Contains melanocytes

Question 26

What are melanocytes

Answer 26

Responsible for producing melanin - which provides the pigment of epidermis and absorbs harmful UV rays and protects cells form the sun.

Question 27

What are keratinocyte stem cells?

Answer 27

produces protein keratin which helps form hair, nails and skins outer layer

Question 28

What is the stratum granulosum?

Answer 28

this layer mainly consists of keratinocytes held together by sticky protein. this layer helps make the skin flexible and strong

Question 29

What are the sticky proteins called that hold together the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

Answer 29

Desmosomes

Question 30

What is the stratum granulosum layer?

Answer 30

Keratinocytes migrating from the underlying stratum spinosum become known as granular cells in this layer

Question 31

What is the stratum lucidem?

Answer 31

Thin transparent layer of keratinocytes which become less round and have flatter shape

Question 32

What are dead keratinocytes called?

Answer 32

Corneocytes = strong dead (keratinocytes) which protect us from harm incl = abrasions, light, heat and pathogens.

Question 33

What is the stratum corneum?

Answer 33

Top layer of epidermis - keratinocytes become corneocytes

Question 34

What are merle cells?

Answer 34

Found in the epidermis but usually they exist in the bottom layer i.e. the Basale layer. They are close to nerve endings that receive the same sensation of touch.

Question 35

What are langerhan cells?

Answer 35

Found in the epidermis, and they prevent things from getting into our skin

Question 36

What are the two layers of the dermis called?

Answer 36

Reticular dermis Papillary dermis

Question 37

What is the reticular dermis?

Answer 37

Bottom layer of dermis, thick, contains blood vessels consists of dense irregular connective tissues containing collagen and elastic fibres.

Question 38

What is the Papillary dermis?

Answer 38

Much thinner consists of areolar connective tissue containing thin collagen and elastic fibres.

Question 39

What are sebaceous glands?

Answer 39

Organ in skin that make and secrete sebum. Sebum is a substance that provides a protective coating for skin to help retain moisture – most of these glands connect to hair follicles.

Question 40

What are sweat glands? (name specific one)

Answer 40

Apocrine glands make thick sticky sweat and are moistly located in armpits and genital areas. These specific sweat glands make us swear when we’re feeling strong emotions like stress.

Question 41

What are ceruminous glands?

Answer 41

Works together with sebaceous glands in ear canal to make ear wax (only found in outer ear) - ear wax prevents entry of foreign bodies into air canal

Question 42

Why can skin regenerate at any age?

Answer 42

Because of the presence of stem cells in both epithelial and connective tissue

Question 43

What is the healing process like for an incision?

Answer 43

More faster

Question 44

What is the healing process like for an abrasion/laceration?

Answer 44

More slow healing

Question 45

What is stage 1 one skin repair?

Answer 45

Damage occurs extending through epidermis and dermis = bleeding will occur

Question 46

What is stage 2 of skin repair?

Answer 46

Blood will clot which restricts entry of additional unwanted micro organisms

Question 47

What happens in stage 3 of skin repair?

Answer 47

Growth and re building = blood cells including oxygen rich BC arrive to help build new tissue chemical signals tell the cells to create collagen.

Question 48

What happens in stage four of skin repairr?

Answer 48

loss of scab – fibroblasts continue to migrate and divide in the dermis to create scar tissue

Question 49

What is a keloid?

Answer 49

Too much collagen is produced in and around scar tissue – what is known as a keloid scar can form. This can be causes by any sort of skin injury one of the most common is it being caused by a body piercing