Intelligence

Question 1

how did sternberg define intelligence?

Answer 1

mental activity directed towards purposive adaptation
- reasoning, planning, and solving problems

Question 2

spearman’s theory of intelligence

Answer 2

could be divided into (g) and (s)

Question 3

(G)

Answer 3

general intelligence used to complete intellectual work

Question 4

(S)

Answer 4

learnt general ability to perform individual tasks

Question 5

what did thurstone (1938) divide intelligence into?

Answer 5

1. perceptual speed
2. inductive reasoning
3. associative memory
4. verbal comprehension
5. word fluency
6. number facility
7. spatial visualisation

proposed the idea of positive manifold

Question 6

what did cattell divide (g) into?

Answer 6

fluid and crystallised intelligence

Question 7

fluid intelligence

Answer 7

biologically based hardware of intelligence

Question 8

crystallised intelligence

Answer 8

outside factors, e.g., education, family, and environment

Question 9

carroll’s three-stratum model

Answer 9

the three strata each represent narrow, broad, and general cognitive domains

Question 10

gardener divided intelligence into seven categories…

Answer 10

1. linguistics
2. logical
3. spatial
4. musical
5. kinaesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal

Question 11

sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 11

split into analytical, creative, and practical domains

Question 12

what do psychometric tests consist of?

Answer 12

standardised questions for participants to complete
- have predictive value
- useless until compared to norms

Question 13

what are intelligence tests?

Answer 13

a form of psychometric testing to measure general ability

Question 14

galton’s demand for intelligence tests

Answer 14

• must be quantifiable and measurable
• normal distribution
• correlation coefficients

Question 15

binet-simon scale (1905)

Answer 15

commissioned by french gov. to identify failed progression in children

Question 16

IQ equation

Answer 16

(mental age / chronological age) x 100

Question 17

what does IQ measure?

Answer 17

verbal, visual, quantitative reasoning, and short-term memory

Question 18

administering tests individually

Answer 18

clear instructions
time consuming
clinical/educational psych

Question 19

administering tests in a group

Answer 19

cheaper and less skill#
large data collection
unsuitable for close supervision

Question 20

what is the flynn effect?

Answer 20

recent increase in IQ scores (5-25 points between generations), specifically in non-verbal ability

Question 21

sociobiological explanation of the flynn effect

Answer 21

• length of schooling (but crystallised intelligence should also be improving)
• child-rearing practices
• more intelligence
• visual and technical environment
• test-taking sophistication
• nutrition and health care improvements

Question 22

what tasks do men perform better at?

Answer 22

spatial ability tasks, transformations in working memory, and motor tasks

Question 23

what tasks do women perform better at?

Answer 23

speech production, perceptual speed, reading, access to information in the LTM

Question 24

biological explanations for sex differences in intelligence

Answer 24

• lateralisation in the right side of male brains vs. both halves for women
• women have more white matter (transmission) and fewer grey matter (processing) areas related to IQ

Question 25

environmental explanations for sex differences in intelligence

Answer 25

- gender stereotypes - schemas - outside education - within education

Question 26

evidence that intelligence is highly heritable

Answer 26

- 50%-70% of variation in g is caused by genetics, seen in twin and adoption studies

Question 27

the dark side of intelligence testing

Answer 27

- roots are tied to eugenics, e.g., Galton encouraged genetic determinism

Question 28

what has research assumed about intelligence and race?

Answer 28

white europeans were the most intelligent race

Question 29

different agendas to studying race and intelligence

Answer 29

- right-wing academia and race realism - impact on mainstream science

Question 30

how do intelligence tests fail to account for culture?

Answer 30

intelligence is culturally bound; the US has no universal concept and african populations centre intelligence around relations

Question 31

what is the Volvo effect?

Answer 31

higher SES backgrounds attain higher marks, and IQ tests discriminate against lower SES

Question 32

how can intelligence labelling influence future academic success?

Answer 32

e.g., the halo effect

Question 33

why were grammar schools criticised?

Answer 33

for reinforcing class division and segregation within education

Question 34

what do grammar school selections test for?

Answer 34

- numerical reasoning - verbal reasoning - english comprehension - non-verbal reasoning - creative writing