Internal factors

Question 1

what do studies show about labelling?

Answer 1

Studies show that teachers label students regardless of their ability of attitudes but rather on the basis of assumptions.

Question 2

What does Howard Becker (1971) say?

Answer 2

through interactionist study of labelling and he found that teachers judges students how closely they fit the image of an ‘ideal pupil’
middle- class close to ideal and working class are far due to bad behaviour.

Question 3

Evaluation

Answer 3

Hempel- Jorgensen (2009)
-Staff at Aspen said discipline was a major problem and the ideal pupil was seen as passive and obedient. Children were based on behaviour and not ability.
-Rowan the ideal pupil - the ideal child was defined terms of personality and academic ability.

Question 4

What did Dunne et al (2008) state ?

Answer 4

schools persistently produce working class underachievement due to labels and assumptions of teachers. They found that teachers ‘normalised’ the underachievement of working-class pupils and do not seem concerned about it whereas they seem concerned when it comes to middle class.

Question 5

why was this?

Answer 5

This because the teachers believe in the role of pupils home background. They believed that working class parents are not interested in their children’s education. whereas middle class parents were seen as supportive.

Question 6

how do teachers deal with pupils from different classes.

Answer 6

Teachers set extension work for the underachieving middle class pupils, but entering working class students for easier exams. teachers also underestimated working pupils potential and those who were doing well were seen as overachieving.

Question 7

what is the self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 7

a prediction that comes true simply by internalising the label.

Question 8

what are the steps?

Answer 8

1~ Teacher labels a pupil
2~Teacher treats pupil according to label.
3~Pupil internalises the teachers expectation.

Question 9

teachers expectations
Rosenthal et al (1968)

Answer 9

Iq test
labelled 20% as spurters
almost half of those who they labeled as spurters made a significant process.

Question 10

What is streaming ?

Answer 10

Streaming involves separating children into different ability groups called ‘streams’.

Question 11

how does streaming affect someone.

Answer 11

Once streamed it is usually streamed it is difficult to move up to a higher stream. which creates a self fulfilling prophecy.
middle class students benefit from the streaming as they gain confidence and motivation to get better grades.

Question 12

How do teachers stream working class students.

Answer 12

teachers are less likely to see working class and black students as having low ability and as a result are more likely to be placed in low streams and lowers their opportunity to get better in exams thus increasing the gap in achievement.

Question 13

A-to-C Gilborn and Youdell

Answer 13

Schools focus their time, efforts and resources on those pupils who they see getting potential to get 5 grade C’s and above ad boost the school’s league table position.

Question 14

what are the three types of categories of educational triage ?

Answer 14

• Those who will pass anyways and do not need educational support
• Those who have the potential, who will be helped to get a grade C or better.
  -hopeless cases, who are doomed to fail

Question 15

what is a subculture?

Answer 15

A group pupils who share similar beliefs and values.

Question 16

What are Lacey (1970’s) concepts

Answer 16

Differentiation: Process of teachers putting students into streams based on perception
Polarisation: process in which students react to these perceptions by moving to one of two opposite poles.

Question 17

What is the result of the anti- school subculture?

Answer 17

Hargreaves found that a similar response for labelling and streaming.
Boys in lower sets were seen as ‘triple failures and worthless louts ‘ after putting them in lower sets setting them up for failure after forming anti school subcultures.

Question 18

what is pro school subcultre

Answer 18

largely middle class
pupils that are placed in high streams and are committed to the values of the school and gain their status through academic success.

Question 19

What does ball say about abolishing streaming?

Answer 19

he is in favour of mixed ability groups as it removed polarization.
although differentiation continued.
This positive labelling was reflected in their better exam results, suggesting the self fulfilling prophecy.
class inequality continues as a result of teacher labelling.

Question 19

what are the variety of pupil responses?

Answer 19

-Ingratiation: being the ‘teacher pet’
-ritualism: staying out of trouble
-retreatism: daydreaming and misbehaving.
-rebellion: rejection of school values

Question 20

what are the criticisms of labelling theory

Answer 20

-fuller study on black girls
-deterministic- it believes that pupils have no choice but to self fulfil the prophecy. (Fuller study)
-Marxists criticise them for ignoring the wider structures of power within which labelling takes place.
Teachers work in a system that reproduces class divisions.

Question 21

what does habitus mean ?

Answer 21

Refers to the ways of thinking, acting that are shared by a certain social class it includes their tastes and preferences about lifestyle.
middle class is superior.

Question 22

what is symbolic capital

Answer 22

as school is a middle class habitus, students who are socialised into middle class habitus and they are more likely it gain symbolic capital which is the status and recognition from the school and to be deemed as worth of having value

Question 23

What is symbolic violence ?

Answer 23

Working class pupils habitus is deemed as inferior, symbolic violence reproduces class structure and keeps the lower class ‘in their place’. Due to the clash of habitus working class pupils may feel alienated.

Question 24

what does Archer belief

Answer 24

For working class students to become successful that embrace the middle class habitus therefore lose themselves.

Question 25

What is the nike identity?

Answer 25

Result of symbolic violence that led them to seek alternative ways of creating self-worth

Question 26

What is ‘social suicide’

Answer 26

Styled performance was heavily policed by peer groups and not conforming was social suicide. Wearing the ‘correct clothes’ you gained symbolic capital from pees.

Question 27

What did Archer argue about mc and wc habitus?

Answer 27

The middle class habitus stigmatised the working class pupils identities. Middle class see this nike identity as tasteless.

Question 28

What two rejections does the nike identity play in wc pupils rejection in higher education?

Answer 28

Unrealistic: not for ‘people like us’ as they would not fit in.
Undesirable: would not suit their preferred lifestyle or habitus.

Question 29

How does the nike identity cause marginalisation ?

Answer 29

Through self exclusion and and elimination as it does not fit in with their preferred identity.

Question 30

What was Ingrams research ?

Answer 30

Two groups of boys from deprived areas. One group were students of a grammar school and one group were students of a local secondary school. The grammar school had high expectations for academic achievement whereas the local secondary school had low expectations for their underachieving pupils.

Question 31

Findings?

Answer 31

The boys who went to a grammar school found more tension to fit in between the habitus of their working class neighbourhood and that of a middle class school.
callum and tracksuit

Question 32

what was Evans (2008)

Answer 32

working class girls from south london found they were reluctant to apply for elite universities such as oxbridge.
4 of the 21 intended to move away for university
self exclusion from elite universities narrows options for many working class pupils and limits their success.

Question 33

What is the relationship between internal and external factors.

Answer 33

• conflict of working class pupils habitus and identity and school.
  -Restricted speech code
  -Dunne et al
  -poverty
• Wider external factors: ( A-to-C, GCSE league table.)