internal factors in education (studies)

Question 1

what studies in education show labelling?

Answer 1

BECKER (labelling theory):
- pupils are constantly being assessed, so as a result they are labelled and placed in particular classes based on the label they have been given
- which leads to a self fulfilling prophecy where teachers expectations are translated into actual outcomes

HARGREAVES, HESTOR AND MELLOR:
- conducted an overt participation and unstructured interviews in england
- still found evidence of labelling
- found three steps in labelling:
1. speculation
2. elaboration
3. stabilisation

ROSENTHAL AND JACOBSON (Pygmalion in the classroom):
- studied an elementary school in california
- found that when the “spurters” were tested a year later for their IQ, it had increased
- they had believed this was due to teacher labelling, which led to a self fulfilling prophecy

GILBOURNE AND YOUDELL:
- researched how teachers have different expectations for students based on their race

Question 2

what studies in education show sets and streaming?

Answer 2

MAC N GHAIL:
- teachers main concerns are those in bottoms sets
- teachers prioritise students in top sets by giving them specialist equipment
- the most experienced teachers taught the top set
- teachers respected and had high expectations of those in top sets

WARD:
- conducted a study in schools in south wales
- bottom sets were seen as unlikely to have success; so were provided with less experienced teachers
- bottom sets weren’t able to achieve the same standards as info was taught based on their assumed level

HALLAM AND HURLEY:
- found that sets and streams had no effects as results were cancelled out
- as much as the top set did better, their results were cancelled out but those at the bottom set

LACEY:
- used observations, unstructured interviews and questionnaires to study the effects of sets and streams in a boy’s grammar school in england
- found that pupil subcultures develop through the concepts of differentiation and polarisation

Question 3

what studies in education show subcultures?

Answer 3

HARGREAVES (Counter school subculture)
- carried out research in an english boy’s comprehensive school
- found that lower stream boys rejected the academic values and standards and values of behaviour expected by the school
- they developed a counter culture

MAC AN GHAIL (The Making of Men):
- carried out their own research on the different subcultures in schools and found there was:
1. the academic achievers
2. the new enterprisers
3. the real englishmen
4. the macho lads
5. the gay

LACEY:
- used observations, unstructured interviews and questionnaires to study the effects of sets and streams in a boy’s grammar school in england
- found that pupil subcultures develop through the concepts of differentiation and polarisation

Question 4

what studies in education show identity?

Answer 4

WARD:
- conducted a study called “labouring to learning”
- did research on a group of boys named the “BOIZ” who went on their phones constantly and made fun of the “geeks”
- they saw no point in trying and didnt care about qualifications
- however, 4/12 of the “BOIZ” went to university

ARCHER:
- focused on class and how it led to underachievement
- found that m/c habitus was seen as superior whilst w/c habitus was seen as inferior
- found that m/c had symbolic capital whilst w/c had symbolic violence
- found two other subcultures in education:
1. nike identities
2. hyper-heterosexual feminine styles

JACKSON:
- studied 13-14 year olds in eight schools in northern england
- found that both genders developed laddish subcultures as a response to two things; the pressures to succeed and the desire to be popular