internal systems

Question 1

Functions of the Circulatory System

Answer 1

1.Brings O2 and nutrients to cells
2.Takes CO2 and wastes from cells
3.Relay chemical messages throughout the body
4.Help maintain fluid levels in body
5.Involved in immune system and transport system for the white blood cells

Question 2

Open system (e.g. Crayfish, insects, starfish)

Answer 2

Blood is not confined to the blood vessels; pumped directly into the body cavities
Low pressure system

Question 3

Closed system (e.g. Mammals, fish, Earthworms)

Answer 3

Blood is confined to blood vessels at all times
Exchange of O2/CO2/nutrients is across capillary beds
High pressure system

Question 4

Advantages and disadvantages for open systems

Answer 4

Advantages: evolved first and still in use, does not require a lot of energy
Disadvantages: can’t control blood velocity (slow), animals that use this have a slow metabolic rates

Question 5

Advantages of a closed circulatory system

Answer 5

Cells are only 2-3 cells away from the capillary
Control of blood velocity and where blood travels in the body:
Controls supply of O2 to body and metabolic rates
Ultrafiltration capacity is managed by lymphatic system
Only closed systems
have lymphatic systems

Question 6

Lymphatic organs

Answer 6

Spleen – blood reservoir
Releases blood when you have low blood pressure or low oxygen in your blood
Part of the lymphatic system because it removes old rbc/foreign objects – filters the blood

Thymus gland – located above the heart
Makes sure you don’t produce antibodies against yourself

Question 7

Direction of Blood Flow

Answer 7

 Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from
the heart
 Veins and venules carry blood to the heart

Question 8

Large blood vessels (arteries, veins, arterioles)

Answer 8

*Heart pumps blood in large arteries away from your heart.
Blood returns to heart in large veins.
Large vessels for bulk transport
fast flow (2-4 cm/sec)
large diameter (10-12 mm diameter)
thick walls (muscular)

Question 9

Capillaries (smallest blood vessel)

Answer 9

*Capillaries for diffusion (high concentration to low concentration)
Very thin walls (single cell layer)
Slow flow (<1 mm/sec)
Small diameter (0.008 mm)
Fit one RBC through at a time. RBCs scrape walls.

Question 10

Blood
Made up of :

Answer 10

plasma 55%, RBC 45%, WBC 1% platelets 1%

Question 11

plasma

Answer 11

Consists of fluid that contains water, antibodies and nutrients, transports nutrients and waste around body

Question 12

RBC

Answer 12

*Carry oxygen and nutrients throughout body
*No nucleus
*have hemoglobin

Question 13

WBC

Answer 13

*Fight infection
*Makes up less than 1% of blood
*Contain a nucleus
*Do not contain hemoglobin

Question 14

Platelets

Answer 14

*Involved in blood clotting
*Do not contain a nucleus

Question 15

Respiration process

Answer 15

*Breathing –air enters and leaves the lung
*External respiration –exchange of gases between the air and the blood
*Internal respiration –exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues
*Cellular respiration –production of ATP in the cells from the breakdown of glucose using oxygen

Question 16

Diffusion of gases in the lungs

Answer 16

*Alveolus: high oxygen concentration from outside air

*Pulmonary capillaries return after giving the body oxygen (low concentration)

*Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to pulmonary capillary

*Carbon dioxide diffuses from pulmonary capillary to alveolus

*Pulmonary capillaries carry oxygenated blood back to the heart via pulmonary veins

Question 17

Diffusion of gases in the tissues

Answer 17

*Systemic capillaries receive blood from the left side of the heart

*Oxygen diffuses from systemic capillaries to tissues

*Tissues always consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

*Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissues to systemic capillaries

*Systemic capillaries return deoxygenated blood to the heart via superior/inferior vena cava

Question 18

How 02 and co2 travel in the blood

Answer 18

Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Carbon dioxide is transported as H+ ions on hemoglobin, instead of CO2 itself.

At the tissue level, CO2 converts to H+ ions, which are crucial for releasing oxygen from hemoglobin into tissue cells.

In the lungs, the abundant oxygen displaces H+ ions from hemoglobin, allowing them to combine with water and reform into CO2.

CO2 then moves down its concentration gradient into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Question 19

Tidal air / Tidal volume

Answer 19

normal volume of air when breathing normally

Question 20

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

The amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by a forced inhalation.

Question 21

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 21

The volume of additional air which can be forced out of the lungs following a normal exhalation.

Question 22

Residual volume

Answer 22

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume has been forced out.

Question 23

Minimal air

Answer 23

The small amount of air that clings to the bronchioles and air sacs and can not be exhaled.

Question 24

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 24

The amount of air that can be inhaled following a normal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve)

Question 25

Vital capacity

Answer 25

max amount of air a person can exhale after inhaling max amount.

Question 26

Total lung capacity

Answer 26

Vital capacity + residual volume + minimal air.