International Handbook of TA

Question 1

Two elements to a threat:

Answer 1

1) Perceived possibility of harm (potential danger)
2) A statement conveying an intention to cause harm (menacing utterance)

Question 2

Three general elements to the management process:

Answer 2

1) Logistical - resources
2) Strategic - goals/priorities
3) Tactical - what ops are needed to carry out

Question 3

Three principles of threat assessment and management

Answer 3

1) Usually the result of a discernable process
2) Usually an interaction among the attacker, past events, current situation, and target
3) Key is identifying attack-related behaviors

Question 4

Systems theory

Answer 4

1) Equifinality - multiple factors leading to same outcome
2) Multifinality - One factor having multiple outcomes

Question 5

Kinney’s model of workplace violence (Think Kinney needs TP for his PEA)

Answer 5

1) Traumatic experience
2) Perceptions that problems are unsolvable
3) Projection of all responsibility onto the situation
4) Egocentric frame of reference
5) Assumption that violence is the only way

Question 6

White and Meloy’s five critical items to workplace violence

Answer 6

1) Motives for violence
2) HI/fantasies/fixation
3) Violent intentions/expressed threats
3) Weapons skill and access
4) Preattack planning and preparation

Question 7

McKenzie’s Five risk factors of stalking

Answer 7

1) SI
2) HI
3) Psychosis
4) last resort
5) Psychopathy

Question 8

Hoffman and Roshdi’s four-stage pathway to school shooting

Answer 8

1) Ongoing crisis
2) Emerging pattern of warning behavior
3) Inner world of the actors
4) Outside perspective showing how the perpetrator acts

Question 9

O’Toole had how many levels of risk for school shootings based on which four elements?

Answer 9

Three levels of risk base on:
Specific, direct, detailed, plausibility

Question 10

Cornell added to O’Toole’s levels of risk by adding which two elements?

Answer 10

1) Transient
2) Substantive

Question 11

Motivational typologies of threats:

Answer 11

1) Schemer
2) Shocker
3) Signaler
4) Shielder
5) Screamer

Question 12

This threatener’s intent is instrumental and to get others to comply to further own interest

Answer 12

Schemer

Question 13

This type of threatener’s intent is to bring attention to himself via fear/anxiety by producing reactions in the target

Answer 13

Shocker

Question 14

This type of threatener’s intent is promise future harm to target for perceived/actual harm caused and are committed to act violently

Answer 14

Signaler

Question 15

This type of threatener’s intent is to ward off potential attacks by others by engaging in self-protection

Answer 15

Shielder

Question 16

This type of threatener’s intent is catharsis of emotion than intent to act - they’re rarely committed but may be based on general anger

Answer 16

Screamer

Question 17

Stalking victims who have been threatened have been found ____ times more likely to be assaulted

Answer 17

Three times more likely

Question 18

The vast majority of threats in stalking situations are made by two types of stalkers:

Answer 18

1) Disgruntled former sexual partners
2) Vengeful stalkers

Question 19

When interviewing a source it’s best to have a:

Answer 19

topic based convo rather than question-answer approach

Question 20

In memory research .. Emotional experiences lead to:

Answer 20

better memory of central details but not necessarily more accuracy

Question 21

When something isn’t true but presented as truth vs when someone resists or withholds informaiton

Answer 21

active vs passive deception

Question 22

Strategic Use of Evidence technique of source interviewing

Answer 22

1) Gain cooperation
2) Allow them to provide info without knowing what info the interviewer holds
3) Slowly, relevant info is released in an unassuming way
4) When interviewer notices subject is lying, not immediately confronted
5) Disclosure strategies are used to challenge the narrative

Question 23

Sharff Technique of source interviewing

Answer 23

• Collecting info while interviewee is unaware of their contributions to the investigator
• Subtly inviting subject to confirm/disconfirm assertions
• Pretend to have lots of info and what’s being discussed isn’t anything new
• Premise is on misperception by subject of what info the interviewer holds

Question 24

PEACE model of source interviewing

Answer 24

P - Plan and prepare
E - Engage and explain
A - Personal Account
C - Closure
E - Evaluation

Question 25

Personal injury law is aka

Answer 25

Tort Law

Question 26

Tort feasor is aka

Answer 26

The defendant

Question 27

Core elements of tort law

Answer 27

1) There was an existence of duty of care
2) Negligence in the performance of that duty or failure to act when required
3) Causal relationship between negligence and injury
- need proximate causation and damages
- damages must be proved

Question 28

What is foreseeability in tort law?

Answer 28

When an ordinary person would or should know that harm could result from their negligence

Question 29

Why has legal action against TA consultants failed when violence does end up occuring?

Answer 29

Absence of duty to the injured third party by the consultants. Protection is lost when there’s an advisory role.

Question 30

Under the ADA, are substance use or personality disorders considered disabilities?

Answer 30

Yes.

Question 31

Under the ADA what is a FFDE and what is it considered?

Answer 31

Fitness for duty evaluation and is considered a medical evaluation.

Question 32

Four variations of the insanity defense:

Answer 32

1) M’Nuaghten test - as a result of SMI not capable of knowing nature and quality of actions were legally or morally wrong
2) Durham Rule - only used in new Hampshire
3) ALI Model Penal Code standard - defendant who lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of conduct or conform the conduct to the requirements of law
4) 18 USC Section 17 - standard in federal cases - unable to appreciate the nature and quality or wrongfulness of the actions bc of mental disease or defect

Question 33

Which case set the precedent that a defendant is held in treatment until no longer mentally ill or dangerous

Answer 33

Jones v US

Question 34

In stalking, a term to describe when one individual handles the case from beginning through post-sentencing

Answer 34

vertical prosecution

Question 35

Precedent is established by

Answer 35

Appellate courts

Question 36

An open source and ongoing tally that includes 115 mass shootings from 1982-2019

Answer 36

Mother Jones

Question 37

Four types of workplace violence recognized by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

Answer 37

1) Criminal intent - aka Type 1
2) Customer/client - aka Type 2
3) Worker on worker - aka Type 3
4) Personal relationship - aka Type 4

Question 38

Assuming negative consequences for misconduct are effective risk mgmt strategies

Answer 38

Disciplinary drift

Question 39

Shea described interview techniques in assessing suicide risk that if modified can be adapted to assess violence risk

Answer 39

1) Shame attenuation - do you find your boss is unfairly getting on your case?
2) Normalization - Many people tell me how angry they are with the unfairness. What’s it like for you?
3) Denial of the specific - Asking questions in a series about a topic vs general question
4) Symptom amplification - Counteracts tendencies to downplay the frequency or degree of concerning behaviors.

Question 40

Increasing the number of people an individual of concern is fixated on or threatening

Answer 40

Target dispersion

Question 41

A study by Cornell and colleagues (2018) found what about threats made by students among elementary, middle, and high school?

Answer 41

Those in 4th and 5th grade were less likely to be considered serious compared to middle and high school. Threats by older students more likely to be classified as serious and more likely to be attempted.

Question 42

The Salem-Keizer Student Threat Assessment System (STAS) is a process that beings with _____ and is followed by _______. This uses how many teams and for what?

Answer 42

Begins with identifying students where there is a risk for aggression, followed by an assessment of the seriousness of the risk. Two teams: one for less serious threats and one in the community for more serious threats.

Question 43

A Canadian school threat assessment model…the VTRA

Answer 43

Violence Threat Risk Assessment: involve a stage 1 intervention for immediate implementation and a stage 2 for long-term services.

Question 44

The German Networks Against School Shootings program focuses school threat assessment on:

Answer 44

psychosocial crises

Question 45

What’s the CSTAG school threat assessment model? Who comprises the team and how what are the steps?

Answer 45

Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines. Relies on school-based multidisciplinary teams to distinguish transient from substantive threats.
Step 1 - Gather info and determine if it is a threat
Step 2 - Consider credibility/seriousness
Step 3 - Teams respond to substantive threats which require protective action. If threat exceeds a fight, and includes a threat to kill, use a weapon, steps 4 and 5 are activated.
Step 4 - Three additional actions
(a) screened for MH services (b) law enf invest (c) integrate findings from a & b
Step 5 - Implement and monitor safety plan from step 4

Question 46

The CSTAG has been recognized as

Answer 46

evidence based practice

Question 47

Research shows that the optimal size of multidisciplinary teams in the range of ___ to ___ members. Fewer than ___ and more than ___ limit knowledge and compromise productivity, respectively.

Answer 47

5 to 9
Fewer than 5…more than 9

Question 48

The STEP model to identifying potential indicators of concern

Answer 48

S - Subject’s behaviors, traits, and characteristics
T - Target’s vulnerabilities
E - Environment that facilitates, permits, or doesn’t discourage violence
P - Precipitating events

Question 49

If the STEP process highlights potential for team involvement, utilize:

Answer 49

1) Subject based strategies
2) Target based strategies

Question 50

Third Restatement of Torts, Sections 40-41

Answer 50

40 - Duties based on a special relationship with the injured person
41 - Duties based on a special relationship with the subject posing the risk

Question 51

Third Restatement of Torts, Sections 42-43

Answer 51

42 & 43 - Duties based on undertakings - a person who assumes responsibility to provide services to another (such as to implement a case mgmt strategy) has a duty to provide reasonable care if (a) the failure to exercise such care increases the risk of physical harm beyond that which existed prior OR (b) the person to whom the services are rendered relies on the team member exercising reasonable care in the undertaking…these duties are aka “gratuitous undertakings”

Question 52

In which court case did the court hold that postsecondary schools have a duty to keep students safe from foreseeable criminal assaults while they’re engaged as part of the school’s curriculum/services

Answer 52

Rosen v Regents of the Univ of California

Question 53

In which court case did the supreme court hold that a univ has a special relationship with a student and corresponding duty to take reasonable measures to prevent his or her suicide

Answer 53

Dzung Duy Nguyen v Massachusetts’s Institute of Technology

Question 54

Public figure stalkers are more likely to target ____ over ____

Answer 54

politicians over corporate figures

Question 55

The attacks by public figure stalkers are more often ___ & ___ than ___ & ___

Answer 55

direct and interpersonal than indirect and from a distance

Question 56

Letter writers who threatened politicians are _____ likely to approach the politican

Answer 56

less likely

Question 57

In a study by Meloy and Amman, politicians were more likely attacked during ____ hours, usually at the ____, rather than at _____and in ____ areas

Answer 57

Daytime hours, at the workplace rather than at public events and in open areas.

Question 58

In a study by Meloy and Amman, politicians were more likely attacked during ____ hours, usually at the ____, rather than at _____and in ____ areas

Answer 58

Daytime hours, at the workplace rather than at public events and in open areas.

Question 59

Compared to other groups of public figures, politicians have an ____ risk of being attacked.

Answer 59

Increased risk

Question 60

Leets, de Becker, and Giles studied letters from stalkers to celebrities and found that the _____ of expectations was most significant in discerning those who:

Answer 60

reasonableness….those who didn’t pursue from those who did

Question 61

Coined by Meloy, this means when the stalker believes a debt is owed to them by the celebrity equal to the amount and time the stalker has invested

Answer 61

entitled reciprocity

Question 62

The average stalking period of celebrities is around ______ months,

Answer 62

25-26 months

Question 63

Two significant predictors of a physical approach by a stalker towards a celebrity

Answer 63

1) escalation - nine fold increase in likelihood to approach
2) police intervention - approaches decreased by half

Question 64

Three red flags that are useful indictors of dangerous celebrity stalkers:

Answer 64

1) obsession with celebrity - others noticed
2) entitled reciprocity
3) Anger about some personal behavior of the celebrity that served as a trigger

Question 65

Regarding stalking of royalty figures, James studied the British royal family and found that over ___ % suffered from a serious mental illness. Different forms of behavior were associated with different symptom patterns and separated into ___ motivational groups.

Answer 65

over 80% (84 to be exact)….8 different motivational groups

Question 66

Delusions of ________ are a common motive for contact and approach behavior of stalkers of royalty.

Answer 66

delusions of royal identity

Question 67

In royalty stalking, fixation on a _____ is more concerning than fixation on a ____

Answer 67

fixation on a cause than fixation on a person

Question 68

Stalkers of corporate figures can be divided into 4 subgroups, as stated by Hoffmann and Sheridan. Those 4 groups are: think..stalking the corporate figure so I can get My EPR

Answer 68

1) Motivation
2) Endurance
3) Psychopathology
4) Relationship

Question 69

Rate of violence towards corporate figures is lower than for ___ or ____ but because of _____ corporate figures may be viewed as celebrities, as they try to be recognized as leaders.

Answer 69

politicians and celebrities. because of social media

Question 70

Fairly rapid movement from one individual target to another with threats/communications of concern..no studies yet to indicate this suggests accelerated risk for violence

Answer 70

Sequential dispersion

Question 71

A fixation on one individual target but then bringing in others as an audience…this does suggest accelerated risk for targeted violence

Answer 71

Audience dispersion

Question 72

Generalizing from the individual to a group within which the target belongs

Answer 72

Target dispersion

Question 73

Coined by Pies, this is a chronically emotional state that does not rise to the threshold of a diagnosable mental disorder but may motivate targeted violence

Answer 73

Persistent emotional disturbance

Question 74

Evaluators should consider four basic kinds of risk management strategies in IPV cases:

Answer 74

1) Monitoring
2) Treatment
3) Supervision
4) Victim safety planning

Question 75

Evaluators should consider three domains in IPV cases:

Answer 75

1) Acute conflict
2) Capacity for serious violence
3) Severe disinhibition

Question 76

About ___ % of stalkers have previously had an intimate relationship with the victim

Answer 76

50%

Question 77

Recent comparative analysis of stalker typologies suggest that those based on ____ and ____ are likely to be most helpful when considering relevance of behavioral and situational risk factors

Answer 77

Stalker’s prior relationship to the victim and stalker’s apparent motivation

Question 78

Mullen and colleagues proposed three different domains in stalking-related risk that should be considered:

Answer 78

1) The risk of continued stalking (persistence)
2) The risk of physical or sexual violence
3) The risk of future stalking (recurrence)

Question 79

Stalkers who engage in brief pursuits tend to be ____ and ____ and make _____ communications

Answer 79

single and young…fewer communications

Question 80

Stalkers who are highly persistent are more likely to be what type of stalker?

Answer 80

Intimacy seeking

Question 81

Stalkers who engage in moderately long pursuits (12+ weeks) tend to be ____ and _____ and seek _____

Answer 81

single and older…seek intimacy

Question 82

Making false reports of critical incidents to police with intention of target being harassed by attending personnel

Answer 82

swatting

Question 83

Publication and circulation of private or personal info considered compromising or embarrasing

Answer 83

doxing

Question 84

When assessing anonymous threatening communications, _____ staging is similar to crime scene staging. The POC is manipulating to direct the investigation away from its logical direction

Answer 84

linguistic staging

Question 85

When assessing anonymous threatening communications, how combined levels of ______ and ______ should draw the attention

Answer 85

energy and risk-taking

Question 86

Focusing on the structure and careful examination of an author’s word choices to discern motivations and sources behind the disclosure

Answer 86

statement analysis

Question 87

JACA, as it relates to linguistic analysis of anonymous threatening communication, can be remembered as LACE JIC, which detects the threatener’s resolution to violence.

Answer 87

L - Lack of resiliency
A - Ability
C- Contempt
E - Energy and Effort
J - Justification
I - Inevitability
C - Consequences

Question 88

Three psychiatric disorders show a higher prevalence among lone actors”

Answer 88

1) Schizophrenia
2) Delusional disorder
3) Autism Spectrum

Question 89

In lone actors, leakage of which three elements is common:

Answer 89

1) beliefs
2) attitudes
3) intent

Question 90

Radicalization of lone actors occurs both:

Answer 90

online and offline

Question 91

Lone actors engage in a process that allows them to choose the target with relatively fewest risks, which weapon they’d use in which location, or which targets have least level of security.

Answer 91

cost benefit analysis

Question 92

The timeframe between deciding to conduct an attack and actually doing it varies between

Answer 92

3 months to more than 2 years

Question 93

Behaving in an intentionally disruptive, destructive, or deceptive manner on the internet for no apparent reason

Answer 93

trolling

Question 94

Of the 8 warning behaviors, which three have been observed the most in social media?

Answer 94

1) Fixation
2) Identification
3) Leakage

Question 95

Social network analysis is relevant to threat assessment in the virtual space, as it looks into which four elements?…think: they spread the message as if they’re on NBC(C)

Answer 95

1) Network density - the proportion of relationships that actually exists in the network

2) Betweenness centrality - more influence if the person is an intermediary between people and messages

3) Clustering and community detection algorithms - collection of nodes strongly connected to each other

4) Closeness centrality - the more links people have, the more the message spreads

Question 96

New Jersey vs TLO

Answer 96

Need to maintain order outweighs the privacy of students

Question 97

Two methods for analzying social network communications

Answer 97

1) word frequency analysis
2) named entity recognition

Question 98

After filtering and analyzing data regarding networks, there are additional ways to inspect text at the content level.

Answer 98

1) sentiment - words within a text are assigned to a positive or negative attitude.
2) emotions - ancodi

Question 99

Two methods for analzying social network lexicon quantitatively

Answer 99

1) linguistic inquiry
2) word count

Question 100

When assessing adolescents, special attention should be paid to their _______ or their perception of their ______

Answer 100

social standing…..social standing

Question 101

O’Toole highlighted six general areas to consider in a threat assessment

Answer 101

1) Social life
2) Work
3) Family life
4) personal life
5) private life
6) secret life

Question 102

O’Toole highlighted 4 general reasons problematic behaviors are missed

Answer 102

1) Normalizing - finding a “normal” explanation for observation
2) Rationalizing - excusing it, explaining it away
3) Ignoring
4) Icon intimidation/influence

Question 103

case law: Right to remain silent

Answer 103

Miranda v Arizona

Question 104

Case law: expands the right of the govt to search and surveil without court order, and now applies to certain domestic terrorism situations

Answer 104

US Patriot Act

Question 105

Case law: established the test about what is free speech on school campuses

Answer 105

Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District

Question 106

Case Law: what did Bethel School District v Fraser and Hazlewood School District v Kuhlmeier oppose?

Answer 106

The decision in Tinker v Des Moines, stating that lewd speech at a school assembly is not constitutionally protectied

Question 107

Case law: how are Arnett v kennedy and Garcetti v Ceballos related to free speech ?

Answer 107

1) Arnett = authorized removal/suspension of employee if the reason is based on employee’s speech which affects the employing agency
2) Garcetti = If employee did not speak as a citizen on a matter of public concern, then no first amendment protection

Question 108

Case Law: Duty to warn

Answer 108

Tarasoff v regents of the Univ of California

Question 109

Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), students with disabilities may be removed from schools who carry a weapon, to an interim placement for …..

Answer 109

up to 45 days

Question 110

IDEA does not permit changes in student’s ______, if the behavior was a _______

Answer 110

placement….manifestation of a disability

Question 111

Through FERPA, can schools share student’s information if student is a dependent for tax purposes?

Answer 111

Yes

Question 112

Through FERPA, can schools share student’s information if the student has violated policy regarding alcohol or controlled substance?

Answer 112

Yes

Question 113

Case Law: Offers an objective standard for evaluating if a statement is a true threat, thus making it unprotected by the first amendment

Answer 113

US v Orozco-Santillan

Question 114

Credible threats from patients or ________ are covered under duty to warn, but not beyond…

Answer 114

family members…….family members

Question 115

Communicated threats can be classified into three categories:

Answer 115

1) Direct
2) Veiled
3) Conditional

Question 116

Jeff Cooper’s structure for situational awareness, originally for marines, and comprised of four conditions:

Answer 116

1) White - unprepared
2) Yellow - prepared and alert - good
3) Orange - Alert to probable danger - ready
4) Red - Acton mode - focused on emergency

Question 117

Another situational awareness model by Statfor, TEDD

Answer 117

T - Time
E - Environment
D - Distance
D - Demeanor

Question 118

The design of a comprehensive threat management plan is based on establishing controls in five domains:

Answer 118

1) Organizational mgmt
2) Psychological mgmt
3) Social mgmt
4) Physical mgmt
5) Legal mgmt

Question 119

Protective investigations emerged to prevent assassinations in the ____

Answer 119

Warren Commission Report

Question 120

By applying a _______ model, threat assessors can develop, evaluate, and implement primary, secondary, and tertiary activities to prevent violence acts among adolescents

Answer 120

disease prevention model

Question 121

Unhurried decision-making and opportunity for consultation is known as _____ and likely matures by age 16

Answer 121

Cold cognition

Question 122

Pressured emotional arousal, possible social coercion likely matures in early 20s, is known as

Answer 122

Hot cognition

Question 123

Leakage appears prevalent in which two settings?

Answer 123

School and workplace

Question 124

What is DRA? Describe

Answer 124

Detect, Report, Act
1) D - processes to identify people on pathway to violence
2) R - processes to help those who detect to communicate what’s been observed
3) A - once reported, trained personnel to fully assess appropriately

Question 124

What is DRA? Describe

Answer 124

Detect, Report, Act
1) D - processes to identify people on pathway to violence
2) R - processes to help those who detect to communicate what’s been observed
3) A - once reported, trained personnel to fully assess appropriately

Question 125

Kanin looked at 45 cases of false rape allegations and found that they tend to serve three functions for the complainant:

Later two more motivations were added

Answer 125

1) to create an alibi
2) seek revenge
3) obtain sympathy and attention
4) Mental health issues didn’t allow them to discern reality
5) engage in consensual sex but out of guilt/remorse, claimed sexual assault

Question 126

The alibi function in false rape allegations is subdivided into two groups:

Answer 126

1) young girls who want to avoid consequences of disobeying rules
2) older teens/adult women who want to cover up consensual activity

Question 127

Philpot and colleagues examined CCTV footage in three countries and found that the number of bystanders present in the conflict situation…

Answer 127

increased the likelihood of intervention, with an incremental bump for each bystander on scene

Question 128

_____ loners are the main threat to public figures in western countries

Answer 128

fixated loners

Question 129

Typology researchers have identified three or four subtypes of male intimate partner perpetrators, two of which pose an elevated risk for severe violence

Answer 129

1) Dysphoric/borderline
2) Violent/antisocial

Question 130

the recognition that both the actions and inactions of the threat assessor can result in increase risk…this process is known as and the effects are known as

Answer 130

intervention synergy….iatrogenic effects

Question 131

Risk for re-offense is highest _____ months or so following an arrest for IPV

Answer 131

6 months

Question 132

Threat mgmt in IPV cases is best informed by the…

Answer 132

risk, needs, responsivity model

Question 133

Smith’s research shows that initial communication, whether as a standalone or as the first in a succession of communications,, can be an accurate predictor of action/nonaction….even when…

Answer 133

there is no explicit threat or even angry language

Question 134

as actors become more committed to action, their conceptual complexity

Answer 134

drops

Question 135

WAVR-21

Answer 135

Indicators of targeted violence and general risk factors. First 5 items are red flag indicators. Remaining 16 are related to mental health, situational stressors, and history of violent behavior..then classify at low, moderate or high

Question 136

CAG

Answer 136

Cawood assessment and response intervention grid…to assess risk for physical violence in organizational settings and provides guidance for initial response and intervention …85 dichotomous items

Question 137

One differene bteween WAVR and CAG

Answer 137

WAVR allows assessing if behaviors have RECENTLY escalated and CAG assesses if behaviors have changed over time

Question 138

In workplace settings, these 2 factors are more relevant to violence risk than what other 2 factors

Answer 138

job-related/personally motivated grievances and behaviors of concern rather than personal dispositions or group membership

Question 139

The totality of digital artifacts that allows the assessor to piece together an offender’s behavioral picture, and which warrants its own pathway

Answer 139

Cyber pathway to intended violence (CPIV)

Question 140

Elements of the CPIV

Answer 140

1) Digital behaviors
2) Temporal contexts
3) Origin story
4) Exploratory thought
5) Noticeability versus surreptitiousness
6) Intra-attack behaviors
7) Post-attack behaviors

Question 141

The temporal contexts of the CPIV can be trifurcated, one of which can be further trifurcated.

Answer 141

1) Pre-offense - origination, development, refinement
2) Offense
3) Post-offense

Question 142

Preattack behaviors on the CPIV

Answer 142

1) Motivation
2) Ideation
3) Intention
4) Conceptualization
5) Research and planning
6) Preparation
7) Reconnaissance, probing, and breach

Question 143

A person’s behavior is determined by the person’s intention to perform the behavior and that this intention is a function of certain core beliefs

Answer 143

Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior

Question 144

A combined application of numerous forensic disciplines to uncover offender thoughts and actions in digital behavior artifacts

Answer 144

Digital Behavioral Criminalistics

Question 145

Digital evidence or “bread crumbs” or an offender’s behaviors left in publicly accessible locations

Answer 145

Digital behavioral artifacts

Question 146

In radicalization, push factors are within the _____ and pull factors within the ______

Answer 146

push are within the individual and pull are within the social and political context

Question 147

Those who have speculated about typologies of terrorism have identified three main types:

Answer 147

1) Noble cause
2) Criminality
3) Mental disorder

Question 148

The distal characteristics are used to assess the risk of extremists or another term used, the.. .

Answer 148

violent true believer

Question 149

In the international handbook, Caputo argues that the critical pathway to insider threat does not ____ insider threats

Answer 149

does not predict

Question 150

The critical pathway to insider risk fails to identify behaviors that span across known insiders, which would make such behaviors…

Answer 150

characteristics

Question 151

the critical pathway to insider risk does not offer ____, to distinguish good from bad insiders

Answer 151

indicators

Question 152

Caputo proposes a framework of 4 components to address insider threat:

Answer 152

1) Role
2) Character
3) Stressors
4) Concerning behaviors

Question 153

5 concerning behaviors that have been consistently shown across data sets of insider threat

Answer 153

1) Rule-breaking
2) Grievance collector
3) Rigid fairness
4) Conflict
5) Flight risk

Question 154

The 5 conditions necessary to making a malicious insider:

Answer 154

1) Opportunity
2) Idea of the behavior is conceivable
3) Motive
4) Ability to override any inhibitions of conscience
5) Lack of preventative mechanisms

Question 155

In insider threat, what is the MICE model of motivation

Answer 155

Motivation is a necessary condition to becoming an insider threat, and it includes money, ideology, coercion/compromise, and ego

Question 156

The 5 conditions necessary for insider risk include the Fraud Triangle, coined by Donald Cressey, which is made up of what three elements

Answer 156

1) Opportunity
2) Rationalization
3) Motivation

Question 157

Name the Act that mandates expulsion of students who bring a gun to school and report all violations to local law enforcement

Answer 157

Federal Gun Free Schools Act