Misc

Question 1

Rule 26 of the federal rules of civil procedure

Answer 1

expert witnesses providing an opinion regarding future violence risk to submit a report prior to testifying

Question 2

Examines the interplay among one’s own beliefs and how that fuels/prevents behaviors

Answer 2

Process variables

Question 3

could be used to provide support or stability to a subject who is struggling or represent reasons that an individual would not engage in targeted violence

Answer 3

anchors

Question 4

An event that is rare, predictable only in retrospect, with extreme impacts

Answer 4

Black swan event

Question 5

The media used to transmit messages are referred to as ____________. Threat assessment uses this phrase when referring to the ways that information about threatening individuals can be gained by threat assessment teams

Answer 5

Communications channels

Question 6

Sometimes referred to as situational factors. In threat assessment, the ______ refers to the situation and environment surrounding the subject or the target. These
can be personal, organizational, or on a larger scale (e.g., economic climate, world
news, etc.)

Answer 6

context factors

Question 7

This phrase refers to any information which is collected, analyzed, or distributed for use in inhibiting or monitoring criminal activity

Answer 7

Criminal intelligence

Question 8

The sum of background factors (peer group, security, access to weapons, etc.) affecting the situation of both the subject and the target. This includes organizational or cultural factors that impact tolerance or reporting of behaviors on the pathway to violence

Answer 8

Environmental influences

Question 9

Ensuring that evidence is collected and maintained in a proper manner that will preserve the forensic value of the evidence.

Answer 9

Evidence preservation

Question 10

Process of acquiring information and evidence (about the target, the subject, contacts, communication, past and present behavior, context) to support accurate
and complete assessment of risks and the best way to defuse them

Answer 10

fact finding

Question 11

This is an act of spontaneous violence often sparked by situational or contextual triggers

Answer 11

impromptu violence

Question 12

Careful consideration of converging evidence in a case to ascertain the level of threat posed and progress toward violence.

Answer 12

Information anaylsis

Question 13

Process of obtaining information from all available sources to inform the analysis and decision making in a threat assessment

Answer 13

Information gathering

Question 14

Facilitation of the flow of information among entities responsible for a case so that all parties have access to current, relevant information on which to base decision
making

Answer 14

Information sharing

Question 15

Purposeful questioning of a subject to obtain accurate, useful, and timely information relevant to an investigation

Answer 15

Interrogation

Question 16

An action or process that has the effect of modifying behavior, thinking, or emotions. In threat assessment, it is the action taken in implementation of a threat management strategy (e.g., interviewing, monitoring, etc.)

Answer 16

Intervention

Question 17

Disciplinary actions toward a subject are often required in threat management to ensure a target’s safety; however, confrontational interventions can also negatively affect a subject’s well-being. The relationship among the target’s safety, the subject’s well-being, and the strategy used can be described as a ____________ in some situations because each impacts the other and often suggest different threat management decisions. Both should be considered and continuously assessed after intervention.

Answer 17

Intervention / Inhibitor Dichotomy

Question 18

The case dynamic intensified by the stimulus of what the threat manager or target does or does not do in response to the threat situations

Answer 18

Intervention synergy

Question 19

Similar in concept to intervention strategies, this is the range of levels of confrontation with the subject of a threat management case

Answer 19

Intervention vectors

Question 20

Strategies to engage a subject in the interview in order to elicit information

Answer 20

Interview approaches

Question 21

Plan for the goals and approaches to an interview (e.g., deciding what information will be sought, how the subject will be redirected, where the interview will take place, etc.)

Answer 21

Interview strategy

Question 22

l or perceived close personal relationship, sometimes accompanied by physical or sexual contact

Answer 22

Intimacy

Question 23

This is an active process of seeking out and finding information relevant to a threat assessment case.

Answer 23

Investigation

Question 24

Any verbal interaction between a law enforcement officer and a civilian for which the purpose is gathering information

Answer 24

Investigative interview

Question 25

style of management that focuses on short-term goals with immediate payoffs at the expense of strategies with superior but distant payoffs

Answer 25

Myopic Management

Question 26

Threat of a direct nature, describing a possible future act against the target (e.g., I will kill you)

Answer 26

Overt Threat

Question 27

_____________ refer to strategies that employ measures comparable to the level of risk presented by the subject

Answer 27

Proportionate responses

Question 28

Process of gathering detailed information surrounding an inappropriate communication or contact, including background on the subject, current behaviors, links to the target, and triggers for the communication. This information is used to create safety plans for the target

Answer 28

Protective fact finding

Question 29

Actions taken in response to a criminal act or imminent threat to secure the target and ensure the target’s safety

Answer 29

Protective response

Question 30

A threat management intervention that involves direct contact with the subject. The __________ can have many different purposes, including information gathering, refocusing or redirecting the subject, and warning or confronting the subject

Answer 30

Subject interview

Question 31

Probabilities of risk at the extreme ends of a normal distribution. In threat assessment, this pertains because targeted violence has a very low rate of occurrence; however, the ____ should not be underestimated based on statistical probability that it will or will not happen

Answer 31

Tail risk

Question 32

A condition in which the individual believes he or she is not in control of his or her actions, but instead is being commanded by an outside, usually malevolent force

Answer 32

Threat / Control override

Question 33

Managing a subject’s behavior through interventions and strategies designed to disrupt or prevent an act of targeted violence.

Answer 33

Threat Management

Question 34

The entirety of the steps taken to identify, assess, and manage a threat assessment case. This includes developing, implementing, and monitoring a thorough plan unique to each subject and situation that includes protective measures for the intended target

Answer 34

Threat mgmt process

Question 35

A coordinated plan of direct or indirect interventions with the subject that, based on current information regarding level of threat posed, is designed to defuse the risk in a given situation at a particular point in time.

Answer 35

Threat mgmt strategy

Question 36

Locations in which violence occurs or could potentially occur, including (but not limited to) workplaces, residences, and schools

Answer 36

Venues of violence

Question 37

Working with the target to determine what a potential victim knows and needs to know, and how he or she finds out about the subject’s behaviors. Providing too much information can unnecessarily cause distress for the victim, while not presenting enough can lead to unsafe situations

Answer 37

Victim mgmt

Question 38

The process by which a subject focuses on a target for his or her intended violence. This can include specific selection or opportunistic victims that happen to be at the location of an attack or included in some broad group which the subject has a grievance

Answer 38

Victim selection

Question 39

A continuous investigative and analytical process of evaluating an individual’s probability of committing an act of violence based on personal and situational variables by an individual qualified (through training, experience, or education) to make risk determinations and recommendations for response, management, and mitigation of that risk

Answer 39

Violence risk assessment

Question 40

____ has many meanings depending on context. According to Homeland Security definitions, it refers to degree to which a target is at risk for attack or disruption; in mental health circles, it is an innate propensity for a disorder or symptom cluster, which may only manifest given certain triggers. In threat assessment, ____ is typically closer to the Homeland Security definition.

Answer 40

Vulnerability

Question 41

Interview involving a third party, usually to inquire about information concerning threatening behaviors or contacts by the subject, or background information on the subject’s past or current behavior or mental status.

Answer 41

Witness interview

Question 42

Case law: Advocacy of the use of force or of law violation is protected unless such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action

Answer 42

Bradenburg v Ohio

Question 42

Case law: Advocacy of the use of force or of law violation is protected unless such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action

Answer 42

Bradenburg v Ohio

Question 43

Case law: intimidation is a type of true threat, where a speaker directs a threat to a person or group of persons with the intent of placing the victim in fear of bodily harm or death

Answer 43

Virginia v Black

Question 44

Case Law: established the test about what is considered free speech on school campuses as long as it does not materially disrupt or substantially disorder or invade the rights of others

Answer 44

Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District

Question 45

Case Law: The decision in ____ v ____, held that a student's lewd speech at a school assembly is not constitutionally protected, reaffirming the principal in the other case ___ v ____, that students' rights in public schools don't automatically coextend with rights of adults in other settings

Answer 45

Bethel School District v Fraser NJ v TLO

Question 46

Case Law: First amendment isn't violated by educators exercising reasonable editorial powers over a school newspaper

Answer 46

Hazelwood School District v Kuhlmeier

Question 47

Case Law: The Supreme Court balanced governmental interests and employee rights, sustaining the constitutionality of federal statue that authorized removal or suspension without pay of an employee

Answer 47

Arnett v Kennedy

Question 48

Case Law: If an employee didn't speak as a citizen on a matter of public concern, then the employee has no first amendment cause of action based on employer's reaction to the speech

Answer 48

Garcetti v Ceballos

Question 49

Case Law: Supreme Court held, without the benefit of oral argument, that the First Amendment does not protect true threats. The Court also explained that political hyperbole does not qualify as such a threat.

Answer 49

Watts v United States

Question 50

Case Law: Also offers an objective standard of a true threat, emphasizing whether a reasonable person would perceive the statement as a serious expression

Answer 50

United States v Orozco-Santillan

Question 51

Case Law: Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that school officials did not violate a student’s First Amendment right of free expression when they temporarily expelled him for submitting a violent-themed poem to his English teacher.

Answer 51

LaVine v Blaine School District

Question 52

Case Law: a major decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the First Amendment, specifically whether the protection of the First Amendment extends to government employees who make extremely critical remarks about the President

Answer 52

Rankin v McPherson

Question 53

Case Law: a major decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the First Amendment, specifically whether the protection of the First Amendment extends to government employees who make extremely critical remarks about the President

Answer 53

Rankin v McPherson

Question 54

Case Law: students cannot be penalized for what they are thinking. If thoughts are then expressed in speech, the ability of the school to censor or punish the speech will be determined by whether it is a (1) true threat or () disruptive of the normal operation of the school

Answer 54

D.G. v Independent School District No. 11

Question 55

Case Law: a student's rights were not violated when he got expelled after publishing a website with offensive comments about his algebra teacher, including a section "why should the teacher die" --- although it occurred off school grounds, it substantially affected school functions, as the teacher became genuinely afraid,

Answer 55

J.S. v Bethlehem Area School District

Question 56

In domestic violent extremism, which three distal characteristics have been shown to distinguish between attackers and non-attackers?

Answer 56

Ideological framing changes in thinking/emotion creativity and innovation

Question 57

In domestic violent extremism, which four warning behaviors distinguish attackers from non-attackers?

Answer 57

Pathway identification energy burst last resort

Question 58

Which five warning behaviors distinguish school shooters from non-shooters?

Answer 58

Think..these students be "FLIP-N" out (like flippin) Fixation Last resort Identification Pathway Novel aggression

Question 59

Most common warning behaviors among extreme right wing, islamic, and single issue terrorists:

Answer 59

Think: these terrorists always FLIP Fixation Leakage Identification Pathway

Question 60

The most validated warning behaviors for discriminating between samples of attackers and non attackers...

Answer 60

pathway identification last resort

Question 61

Three structured instruments specifically for stalking threat and risk assessment

Answer 61

SAM, SRP, SASH

Question 62

The best way to find facts through interviewing is to question the _______ of the case which will identify inconsistencies or contradictions.

Answer 62

content

Question 63

_____ is activated when the interviewee feels that freedom of _____ is lost.

Answer 63

Reactance.......choice

Question 64

A growing body of research suggests that _____ interviewing encourage productive exchange of info and fights resistance

Answer 64

rapport-based

Question 65

Under the ADA, an employer may refuse to hire or terminate an individual believed to pose a direct threat, which can be determined by a _______ analysis

Answer 65

fact-intensive

Question 66

Under the ADA, an employer may refuse to hire or terminate an individual believed to pose a direct threat, which can be determined by a _______ analysis

Answer 66

fact-intensive

Question 67

When prosecuting stalking cases the primary focus should be on the ____ and ____ safety of the victim

Answer 67

short and long-term

Question 68

Case Law: For public sector employee speech to be protected, it must (1) involve an issue of public concern, like a significant event (2) outweigh the govt employer's interest in avoiding impediments to carrying out its mission

Answer 68

Connick v Meyers

Question 69

______ is a type of speech that is protected by sections 7 and 8 of the National Labor Relations Act. It includes speech related to organizing, such as when 2 or more workers act of speak to help or protect one another related to conditions or terms of employment.

Answer 69

Concerted speech

Question 70

Employer control over speech equates to:

Answer 70

de facto discrimination

Question 71

The WAVR-21 is appropriate for which two contexts?

Answer 71

Workplace and campus

Question 72

Known red flags for femicide include:

Answer 72

Severe jealousy Proprietariness Access to firearms Recent separation Mental problems Increase in frequency or severity of violence Underemployment

Question 73

The WAVR-21 has good validity with which other two measures ?

Answer 73

CAG and HCR-20

Question 74

STEP model of school TV

Answer 74

subject's traits and behaviors target vulnerabilities environment precipitating events

Question 75

the _____ and _____, as opposed to the modality of electronic threats and communications, should be focused on instead

Answer 75

pattern and nature

Question 76

the proportion of relationships that actually exists in the network

Answer 76

Network density

Question 77

more influence if the person is an intermediary between people and messages

Answer 77

Betweenness centrality

Question 78

collection of nodes strongly connected to each other and reflect the existence of communities

Answer 78

Clustering and community detection algorithms

Question 79

the more links people have, the more the message spreads

Answer 79

Closeness centrality

Question 80

Most insider threat programs adopt a ___, ____, ____ program

Answer 80

deter, detect, mitigate

Question 81

Donald Casey's fraud triangle of malicious insider condition

Answer 81

opportunity rationalization motivation

Question 82

The four categories of threat mgmt activities that should always be considered:

Answer 82

monitoring treatment supervision victim safety planning

Question 82

The four categories of threat mgmt activities that should always be considered:

Answer 82

monitoring treatment supervision victim safety planning

Question 83

Characteristics of false allegations of rape include

Answer 83

Accounts are less detailed Complainants less likely to describe elements of behavior that don't fit the popular conception of a rapist

Question 84

Although there is a small number of studies on false claims of stalking, they indicate that the largest proportion of false stalking victims are

Answer 84

delusional

Question 85

The phenomenon of gang stalking appears to be ______ in nature

Answer 85

delusional

Question 86

_______ are the main threat to public figures in western countries

Answer 86

Fixated loners

Question 87

An internet based service that was readily accessible and easy to use

Answer 87

The Threat Triage

Question 88

The Threat Triage uses a predictive model with 7 indicators, including:

Answer 88

1) Conceptual complexity 2) Paranoia 3) Indication of victim 4) Mention of love, marriage, romance 5) Use of polite language 6) Specification of harm to be inflicted on the victim 7) Previous contact by threatener with victim

Question 89

Each indicator of the Threat Triage and if its presence increases or decreases likelihood of approach behavior

Answer 89

1) Conceptual complexity - increases 2) Paranoia - decreases 3) Indication of victim - decreases 4) Mention of love, etc - increases 5) Polite language - decreases 6) Specification of harm - increases 7) Previous contact - increases (if 2 or more previous contacts)

Question 90

The ______ provides a recognizable referral pathway for clients who are assessed as moderate or high risk based on the nature of their behaviors rather than the mental disorder or criminal conviction

Answer 90

Problem Behaviour Program

Question 91

Ajzen's theory of planned behavior says that behavior is determined by the person's intention to perform the behavior and that behavior is a function of certain core beliefs, which are described by the following elements:

Answer 91

1) Attitude 2) Subjective norms --Social normative beliefs --Motivation to comply 3) Perceived behavioral control

Question 92

2 approaches for assessing subject's stakes

Answer 92

1) JACA 2) Spectrum a. nothing is at stake b. normal acceptance c. mild loss d. much to lose e. everything to lose

Question 93

in sum, a fully informed TA addresses the subject's

Answer 93

1. current capacity 2. opportunity 3. willingness

Question 94

ooda loop

Answer 94

observe, orient, decide, act

Question 95

calhoun and weston's statuses of threat situations

Answer 95

active, inactive chronic/habitual longterm

Question 96

the interaction between the knowns, unknowns, and need to know continuously assess each in determining the appropriate protective response at any given point in time

Answer 96

situation dynamics

Question 97

the situation dynamics intensified by the stimulus of whay the threat manager does or doesn't do in response to the threat situation

Answer 97

intervention synergy

Question 98

the potential conflict between an intervention applied by a TM and the effect of the intervention on the subject's inhibitors and stabilizers

Answer 98

intervention dichotomy

Question 99

Dietz study of those who approach celebrities found that __ to ___ communications to a particular celebrity were most likely to approacu

Answer 99

10 to 14

Question 100

Dietz findings about making a threat and approach behaviors towards congress membera and celebrities.

Answer 100

Negative correlation with congress and no correlation with celebrities

Question 101

sequential reciprocal response patterns in which interactants adjust to each other's behavior

Answer 101

symbolic interactionism

Question 102

turner and gelles qualify conditional threats in a workplace setting, meaning that if some event does or doesn't occur in the immediate future, then the threat would be carried out - immediate intervention may not b3 necessary

Question 103

the most common statistical measure of interrater reliability of violence risk assessment tools

Answer 103

intraclass correlati9lon coefficient

Question 104

anything below a ___ intraclass correlation coefficient should raise doubts

Answer 104

.40

Question 105

for AUC to be high look for scores greater than ___

Answer 105

.80