intestines

Question 1

what is the alimentary tract ?

Answer 1

• intestines

- bowels / guts

Question 2

what are the 3 parts that make up the small bowel ?

Answer 2

• duodenum = retroperitoneal
• jejunum = intraperitoneal
• ileum = intraperitoneal

Question 3

what part of the abdomen do the jejunum + ileum occupy ?

Answer 3

• jejunum = upper 2/5

- ileum = lower 3/5

Question 4

what structures make up the large bowel ?

Answer 4

• cecum = retroperitoneal
• ascending colon = retroperitoneal
• transverse colon = intraperitoneal
• descending colon = retroperitoneal
• sigmoid colon = intraperitoneal
• rectum
• anal canal + sphincter

Question 5

where does the foregut end ?

Answer 5

1/2 down second part of duodenum

Question 6

where does the midgut end ?

Answer 6

2/3 down the transverse colon

Question 7

where does the hindgut end ?

Answer 7

halfway down the anal canal

Question 8

what does intraperitoneal mean ?

Answer 8

they have mesentrys = greater mobility

Question 9

what mesentery supports the transverse colon ?

Answer 9

the transverse mesocolon

Question 10

what mesentery supports the ileum + jejunum ?

Answer 10

the mesentery

Question 11

what mesentery supports the sigmoid colon ?

Answer 11

the sigmoid mesocolon

Question 12

where does the root of the mesentery start / end ?

Answer 12

• root is from posterior abdominal wall starts at duodenojejunal flexure
• ends in the ileocecal junctions

Question 13

what is a volvulus ?

Answer 13

a twist in the small intestine

obstructs vessels in the mesentery

Question 14

how long are the small intestines ?

Answer 14

6 m

Question 15

what is absorbed at each site of the small intestines ?

Answer 15

• duodenum = iron
• jejunum = folic acid
• ileum = vitamin B12 + bile salts

Question 16

what moves chime through the small intestines ?

Answer 16

• persitaltic + segmentation movements

Question 17

what is the plicae circulares ?

Answer 17

series of large folds in small intestine

Question 18

why does the duodenal glands secrete an alkaline solution ?

Answer 18

to help neutralize chime

Question 19

where is the duodenum found anatomically ?

Answer 19

• to the right of vertebra L1 to L3

- right of the umbilicus

Question 20

what are the 4 parts of the duodenal ?

Answer 20

• duodenal cap
• descending portion
• horizontal portion
• ascending portion

Question 21

what are the glands in the duodenal called ?

Answer 21

• glands of Brunner

- secret mucus

Question 22

what are the jejunum and ileum surrounded by ?

Answer 22

greater sac of peritoneal cavity

covered anterioly by greater omentum

Question 23

where does the jejunum begin ?

Answer 23

at duodenojejunal flexure

Question 24

describe the plicae circulares in the ileum :

Answer 24

small in its superior part

absent in terminal part

Question 25

what are Peyer patches ?

Answer 25

aggregated lymph follicles in mucous membrane

Question 26

describe the jejunal arteries :

Answer 26

- long vasa recta | - simple arterial arcades

Question 27

describe the ilea arteries :

Answer 27

short vasa recta | complex arterial arcades

Question 28

what does the foregut drain into ?

Answer 28

celiac nodes

Question 29

what does the hindgut drain into ?

Answer 29

inferior mesenteric nodes

Question 30

what are the pre-aortic nodes ?

Answer 30

- coeliac nodes - superior mesenteric - inferior mesenteric

Question 31

what do the pre-aortic nodes drain into ?

Answer 31

cisterna chyli

Question 32

what is the mesentery of the appendix ?

Answer 32

mesoappendix

Question 33

what is reabsorption ?

Answer 33

the large intestines removing fluid + electrolytes within chime

Question 34

what does the colon do ?

Answer 34

first half absorbs fluids | second half makes waste into fece

Question 35

what are some functions of the large intestine ?

Answer 35

- absorb h2o and electrolytes - digest bacteria + viruses - make faeces

Question 36

what is the taenia coli ?

Answer 36

longitudinal bands of muscle which cause colon to become circulated

Question 37

what are haustrations ?

Answer 37

circulations of the colon

Question 38

what is epiploicae ?

Answer 38

numerous fatty tags on surface of colon

Question 39

what are the 2 types of churning that occur in the muscle ?

Answer 39

- oestro churning / minor peristaltic wave | - mass peristalsis

Question 40

how is oestro churning made ?

Answer 40

by segmentation contractions

Question 41

what initiates mass peristalsis ?

Answer 41

gastrocoloic reflex

Question 42

what is diverticuli ?

Answer 42

outpouching of the gut | can become filled with fecal matter + become inflammed

Question 43

what is the ileocecal junction ?

Answer 43

junction that projects into the cecum - acts like a sphincter prevents reflux into the ileum

Question 44

what is appendicitis ?

Answer 44

inflammation of the appendix

Question 45

what are symptoms of appendicitis ?

Answer 45

- muscular rigidity - pain in right lower quadrant - vomiting

Question 46

what is Mc Burneys point ? | how is it found ?

Answer 46

base of the appendix | place little finger in the umbilicus + thumb on anterior superior ileal spine

Question 47

what supplies the midgut ?

Answer 47

- superior mesenteric artery | - arises from descending aorta

Question 48

list the branches of the superior mesenteric artery :

Answer 48

- 1st = inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery - 2nd = jejunal + ileal branches - 3rd = ileocolic artery - 4th = right colic artery - 5th = middle colic artery

Question 49

where does the pancreaticoduodenal artery supply ?

Answer 49

pancreas + duodenum

Question 50

where does the ileocolic artery supply ?

Answer 50

- cecal branches | - appendicular artery

Question 51

what does the right colic artery supply ?

Answer 51

ascending colon

Question 52

what does the middle colic artery supply ?

Answer 52

transverese colon

Question 53

what artery supplies the hind gut ?

Answer 53

- inferior mesenteric artery

Question 54

list the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery :

Answer 54

- left colic artery - sigmoid arteries - superior rectal artery

Question 55

what does the left colic artery supply ?

Answer 55

transverse colon + descending colon

Question 56

what is the marginal artery of Drummond

Answer 56

anatomoses of all the superior + inferior mesenteric arterys