liver and hepatobiliary tract

Question 1

where is the liver found ?

Answer 1

• upper quadrant

Question 2

how much does the liver weigh ?

Answer 2

1500 grams

Question 3

how many lobes does the liver have ?

what divides them ?

Answer 3

2
left and right
falciform ligament

Question 4

what type of organ is the liver ?

Answer 4

intraperitoneal

Question 5

what is the bare area ?

Answer 5

part of liver not covered by peritoneum

Question 6

what is found in the bare area ?

Answer 6

reflections of the bare area called the coronary ligament

Question 7

describe the coronary ligament :

Answer 7

has anterior + posterior ligaments that meet laterally as the right and left triangular ligaments

Question 8

what is the top and bottoms of the liver bound to ?

what does it form ?

Answer 8

bounded by reflections of the peritoneum
form sub-phrenic space above
form sub-hepatic / hepatorenal pouch below

Question 9

what is the hepatorenal pouch

Answer 9

potential space bounded by the liver, the right kidney, the colon and the duodenum

Question 10

what is the subphrenic space

Answer 10

space on each side of the falciform ligament

between under side of the diaphragm and upper side of liver

Question 11

what happens if there is an infection in the sub-phrenic space ?

Answer 11

• can cause irritation of the diaphragm = interrupted breathing
• can irritate parietal layer = feelings of pain on shoulders

Question 12

what are the 2 main cell types found in the liver ?

Answer 12

• hepatocytes

- kupffer cells

Question 13

what are kupffer cells function ?

Answer 13

involved in breakdown of red blood cells

Question 14

what are some functions of the liver ?

Answer 14

• produce bile
• regulate blood constituents + chemical level
• regulates glucose levels
• produces cholesterol
• breakdown old blood cells

Question 15

where is the round ligament found ?

what is it ?

Answer 15

• lower edge of falciform liagment

- remnant of the umbilical vein

Question 16

what is another division of the liver ?

how is it done ?

Answer 16

divided into 8 segments - Couinaud segment

done by vascular divisions of the liver

Question 17

where is the coronary ligament found ?

Answer 17

• surrounds bare area
• anteriorly left + right leaflets of ligament form the falciform ligament
• posteriorly left + right leaflets form the lesser omentum

Question 18

what is the porta hepatis ?

Answer 18

point of entry + exit for the hepatic portal vein, hepatic arteries, hepatic bile ducts

Question 19

what are the triangular ligaments ?

Answer 19

junctions of the anterior + posterior leaflets

Question 20

what is the visceral surface of the liver ?

Answer 20

• posterior surface of liver

- closely related to other organs

Question 21

what is the ductus venosus ?

where is it found ?

Answer 21

• a bypass channel that connects the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein
• found at the base of the lesser omentum

Question 22

what does the ductus venosus become after birth ?

Answer 22

ligamentum venosum

Question 23

what are 2 other lobes of the liver ?

what is important to note about them

Answer 23

• caudate + quadrate lobe

makes right lobe bigger

Question 24

what is portal hypertension ?

Answer 24

blockage of roots involved in liver drainage

Question 25

what are the 4 possible sites of the portal systemic anastomoses ?

Answer 25

- lower esophagus - anal canal via recanalized umbilical vein to anterior abdominal wall via recanalized ductus venosus to inferior vena cava - posterior abdominal wall

Question 26

what are esophageal varcies ?

Answer 26

dilated thin walled veins in the esophagus

Question 27

what are varicose veins in the anal canal known as ?

Answer 27

hemorrhoids / pile

Question 28

what are cause of portal hypertension ?

Answer 28

- cirrhosis : scar tissue blocks blood flow organ | - hepatitis

Question 29

how does alcohol damage to the liver ?

Answer 29

blocks normal metabolism of proteins , fats and carbs

Question 30

what is a common complication of liver disease ?

Answer 30

ascites

Question 31

what is jaundice ?

Answer 31

system of excreting bilirubin is disrupted | blood has high bilirubin levels

Question 32

what is the key symptom of jaundice ?

Answer 32

yellow pigment of skin and eye | also has pale coloured poo and dark urine

Question 33

how does the gallbladder receive artery supply ?

Answer 33

from right hepatic artery via the cystic artery

Question 34

describe venous drainage in gallbladder ?

Answer 34

directly into liver through fossa

Question 35

describe the lymphatics of the gallbladder :

Answer 35

via hepatic nodes which drain into the celiac nodes

Question 36

describe innervation of the gallbladder :

Answer 36

receives sympathetic + parasympathetic via celiac plexus sympathetic from T7 and T9 + vasomotor parasympathetic = inhibit contraction of sphincter

Question 37

what hormone influences contraction in gall bladder ?

Answer 37

cholecystokinin | from duodenum

Question 38

what is Calot's triangle ?

Answer 38

triangle formed by the cystic duct, hepatic duct and cystic artery sometimes formed by inferior margin of the liver

Question 39

how is bile released ?

Answer 39

functional lobes secrete bile into there respective ducts constantly common hepatic duct to common bile duct to cystic duct than gallbladder

Question 40

what are the 4 parts of the gall bladder ?

Answer 40

- a fundus - a body - infundibulum - neck

Question 41

what is the infundibulum expanded to ?

Answer 41

hartmans poach

Question 42

what are the spiral valves of heister ?

Answer 42

prominent concentric folds in the cystic duct

Question 43

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater ?

Answer 43

the entering of the bile causing the duodenum to bulge

Question 44

what is the sphincter of oddi ?

Answer 44

muscle surrounding the lower end of the bile duct

Question 45

what does bile contain ?

Answer 45

- bile salts - electrolytes - cholesterol

Question 46

what are the 2 types of gallstones ?

Answer 46

- cholesterol stones 90% | - pigment stones 10%

Question 47

what type of gland is the pancreas ?

Answer 47

endocrine + exocrine

Question 48

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas ?

Answer 48

release enzymes + salts to help digestion

Question 49

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas ?

Answer 49

hormonal control of blood glucose levels

Question 50

what are the 5 parts of the pancreas ?

Answer 50

- head - neck - body - tail - uncinate process

Question 51

where is the head + uncinate process found ?

Answer 51

in c shape of duodenum

Question 52

where is the neck found ?.

Answer 52

right side of aorta

Question 53

where is the body found

Answer 53

across the aorta

Question 54

where is the tail found ?

Answer 54

hilum of the spleen

Question 55

what supplies the pancreas with blood ?

Answer 55

splenic artery divides into the dorsal/superior pancreatic artery and the arteriole pancreatic head receives supply from superior pancreaticoduodenal artery