Intracellar Accumulations

Question 1

Intracellular accumulations

These are substances which accumulate in the cell due to ______ or ______ by the cell.

These accumulations could be _____/_____ (source),
____/_____(effect), ____/_____(residency) and may be found in the _____/_____ (location).

Answer 1

increased production or defective removal

endogenous/exogenous

toxic/non-toxic

temporary/permanent

cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 2

Causes of intracellular accumulations

1. A normal endogenous substance produced at a normal or increased
   rate but the ________ is inadequate to remove it. E.g. is seen with ______ in the liver.
2. A normal endogenous substance accumulates due to a _______ required for its metabolism. E.g. ______ storage dx

3.An abnormal endogenous substance accumulates e.g. the product of
a ______ or _______ which cannot be degraded accumulate in the cell. E.g. is neurodegenerative disease

4. An abnormal exogenous substance accumulates in the cell because
   the cell lacks the ability to ______ or _______ to other sites. E.g. is
   __________ in alveolar macrophages.

Answer 2

rate of metabolism; fatty droplets

defect in the enzyme; Lysosomal

mutated gene or misfolded proteins

degrade it or transport it ; carbon particles

Question 3

Steatosis

Aka

_____

Answer 3

Fatty change

Question 4

Steatosis

Mostly seen in the ____ because it is the major organ involved in ___ metabolism. May also be present in the ____,____, and ______

Answer 4

liver; fat

heart, muscle and kidney.

Question 5

Steatosis

Causes:

•______ abuse, _____ and ______

•__________ and ____ malnutrition
•______
• ________

Answer 5

Alcohol
Diabetes
Obesity

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4); protein

Hypoxia
Starvation

Question 6

Steatosis

Alcohol alters ______ and ______ function leading to increased synthesis and reduced breakdown of lipids.

In DM, elevated _____ provides ——— for _____ synthesis.

Answer 6

mitochondrial and microsomal

glucose; more substrate for triglyceride

Question 7

Causes of Steatosis

•Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and protein malnutrition cause reduced _____ synthesis which results in defective ______

• Hypoxia impairs _________

• Starvation causes __________

Answer 7

apoprotein; lipid transport

fatty acid oxidation

mobilization of fat from peripheral stores

Question 8

Special stains like _______ and _____ are used to identify fatty droplets microscopically

Answer 8

Sudan black & Oil Red-O

Question 9

Cholesterol accumulation

•________ in blood vessels
•_________ in connective tissue
and skin
•_________ in the gall bladder
•____________ disease type C

Answer 9

Atherosclerosis

Xanthomas

Cholesterolosis

Niemann-Pick

Question 10

Protein accumulation

1. In proteinuria, droplets in _________

2.Immunoglobulins may accumulate in ______ within the ____ producing inclusions called ——-

3.Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (______), the enzyme is deficient because its precursors are ______ and have accumulated in the ____

Answer 10

proximal renal tubules

plasma cells; ER; Russell bodies

emphysema; misfolded; liver

Question 11

Protein accumulation

4. Accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins: keratin intermediate filaments are seen in ____ which is characteristic of _____ disease. Neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer disease are made up
   of neurofilaments
5. Aggregation of abnormal proteins e.g. in _________.

Answer 11

alcoholic hyaline; alcoholic liver

amyloidosis

Question 12

Glycogen accumulation

Seen in disorders of glucose or glycogen metabolism. E.g. in D.M,
normal glucose uptake by cells is impaired. Seen in hepatocytes
(stained by PAS/PASD)
• Also seen in genetic disorders of enzymes involved in glucose/glycogen
metabolism. These are called glycogen storage diseases.

Answer 12

C

Question 13

Exogenous pigments
• Carbon (coal dust): most common, results in _____, coal workers _____
•_____

Endogenous:
• Lipofuscin: ______ pigment
• Hemosiderin: _______, Fe overload (______). From
ferritin micelles
• _______

Answer 13

anthracosis

pneumoconiosis

Tattoos

wear and tear

Old haemorrhage

hemosiderosis

Melanin

Question 14

small amounts of protein filtered through the glomerulus are normally reabsorbed by _____ in the proximal tubule.

Answer 14

pinocytosis

Question 15

Alcoholism is associated with accumulation of ______

Answer 15

Triglycerides

Question 16

In an atherosclerotic plaque, the foam cells are rich in ________

Answer 16

Cholesterol and Cholesterol esters

Question 17

The mixture of lipofuscin accumulation and atrophy of an organ can be referred to as ______

Answer 17

brown atrophy

Question 18

Alpha-1- antitrypsin is made in the _______ and works the ________

Answer 18

Liver

Lungs

Question 19

In niemann-pick, there is deficiency of ________

Answer 19

sphingomyelin

Question 20

Increased protein within the plasma cells is known as ______

Answer 20

Russell bodies

Question 21

In the kidney , the excessive accumulation of protein occurs subsequent to _______ from ______ into the ______

Answer 21

Leakage of proteins

Glomeruli

Glomerular filtrate

Question 22

Glycogen appears as _______ in the cytoplasm of cells

Answer 22

Clear vacuoles

Question 23

Intracellular accumulation of glycogen can occur in the _______________ and _________ of the kidney

Answer 23

Distal portion of the PCT

Loop of Henle