Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

House AMP > Pathology of Fallopian Tubes > Flashcards

Pathology of Fallopian Tubes Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammations of the fallopian tubes

__________ inflammations
• ________ (60%)
• __________ organism

____________ _____________

Others
• Parasites Schistosomiasis, Enterobiosis
• Fungi Actinomycosis

A

Suppurative

Gonococci ;Pyogenic

Tuberculous Salpingitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ectopic pregnancy is a consequence of (normal or abnormal?) __________ of the _________ ovum (inside or outside?) of the _______.

A

abnormal implantation

fertilized ovum ; outside

uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

Occurs in ____% of all pregnancies,
• 95% occurs in the ________________,

• Other sites include: the _______, the pelvic _____, and, rarely, the _______ of the __________ ————.

A

1% ; fallopian tubes,

the ovary

the pelvic peritoneum

surface of the abdominal organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

If diagnosed in time, the pregnancy can be removed from the __________________ ___________________ally.

• If this is not feasible, the fallopian tube must be ____________ with the ________ and the _________.

A

distended fallopian tube

laparoscopic

resected together

embryo; placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tumors and cysts of the fallopian tubes
cysts
– Examples are ___________,_____________

• Tumour-like lesions
–_____________

• Tumours
– Benign- _____________ tumours
– Malignant- ______________ associated with ___________ mutations

A

hydatids of Morgani; Paratubal cysts

Endometriosis

Adenomatoid ; Adenocarcinoma

BRCA 1 mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most cysts of the fallopian tube are of no clinical significance

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ovarian cysts

Ovarian cysts are ________-filled cavities lined by ___________ .

• Ovarian cysts are usually (small or large?) , _________ , and cause _________ problems.

A

fluid ; epithelium.

small; solitary

no clinical problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ovarian cysts

• Majority are ______ cysts.

• Others
– cystic ___________ or
– inclusions of the ________________.

A

follicular

corpora lutea

surface epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome, also known as ________-_______ syndrome, is a hormonal disturbance of the ____________________________________ axis.

A

Stein- Leventhal syndrome

hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-adrenal axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Previously, it was thought that the ________ of the ____________________ was the cause of anovulation, but it is now known that the basic problem in such cases is ________.

A

fibrosis

superficial cortex

hormonal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome

Menstrual ________, (_________ and ____________)

Persistent _________ in 40% of cases

_________

Signs of _______, such as ________.

_______ is a major problem.

A

irregularities; oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea

anovulation; obesity

virilization; hirsutism

Infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Poly cystic ovaries

The ovaries of these women contain numerous ————- and show _________________.

A

follicular cysts

superficial fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ovarian tumours

________ tumours are more common.

A

Benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ovarian tumors

In women younger than ____ years old, only 1 in ______ tumours is malignant.

However, in women older than _____ years, 1 in ____ tumours is malignant.

A

45; 15

50; 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ovarian tumours- classification

Tumours of _____________
____________ tumors
_____________________tumors
______ tumours

A

surface epithelium

Germ cell

Sex cord stromal

Benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types Serous tumours

They are typically _______ and filled with ______ serous fluid.

Histologically, they can be _______ , serous ________, _________, or malignant (serous _______________________).

A

cystic ; clear

benign, serous cystadenomas

borderline ;serous cystadenocarcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types Serous tumours

These tumours can also be solid

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Serous tumors

Approximately ____% of benign and _____% of malignant serous tumors are bilateral.

A

25

50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Risk factors to Serous tumors

(Poorly or Well?) defined.

Identified only in a minority of cases
• Include ovarian ________,
• _______ cancer syndrome, and
•_____ and _______ gene mutations linked with an increased incidence of _____ cancer.

A

Poorly

dysgenesis; Familial

BRCA1 and BRCA2

breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Serous tumor classification

List them

A

Low- and high -grade serous carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Serous tumor classification

The low-grade tumors
• have mutations in the ______ or _______ oncogenes, with only rare mutations in ________

A

KRAS or BRAF

p53.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Serous tumor classification

High Grade tumors
• have high frequency of mutations in the ______ gene but lack mutations in either ________ or ________

A

p53 ; KRAS or BRAF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Most BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations are _____-grade serous carcinoma and commonly have _____ mutations.

A

high

p53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mucinous tumours

Primary Mucinous tumours rare usually _____lateral.

A

uni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Primary Mucinous tumours

Associated with ______ mutations
• _______ mucinous _____\ (58%),
• Mucinous _______ tumors (75% to 86%)
• ___________ mucinous carcinomas (85%)

A

KRAS

Benign mucinous cystadenomas

Mucinous borderline tumors

Primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Endometrioid Carcinoma
• (Common or Rare?)
• Arise from —————
• May coexist with ______________________

A

Rare

endometriosis; endometrial carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Endometrioid Carcinoma

• Express mutations in _______ tumor suppressor gene, _______ and _________ oncogenes, and __________ _________ similar to endometrial carcinoma

A

PTEN

KRAS

β-catenin

microsatellite instability

28
Q

Germ cell tumors

•________
• _____________
• _________ carcinoma
• ________ tumor

A

Teratoma
• Dysgerminoma
• Embryonal carcinoma
• Yolk sac

29
Q

Germ cell tumors

Teratoma
– _________
– _________
– _________ or _________ teratoma

A

Mature
– Immature
– Monodermal or specialized

30
Q

Germ cell tumors

• Dysgerminoma: (_________ in _______)

• Embryonal carcinoma: (More or Less?) malignant than dysgerminoma but still may respond to chemotherapy

• Yolk sac (________ _______ tumour): (Benign or Malignant?) tumour that secretes ____________

A

seminoma ; testis

More malignant

endodermal sinus tumour

Malignant; alpha- fetoprotein

31
Q

The most common Germ cell tumor is ???

A

Teratoma

32
Q

Monodermal Teratoma

_____lateral ± ______ in the (ipsilateral or contralateral?) ovary

A

Unilateral ± teratoma

contralateral

33
Q

Monodermal Teratoma

Struma Ovarii –
• may cause ____________

A

hyperthyroidism

34
Q

Monodermal Teratoma

Struma Carcinoid-
• Thought to arise from the ———- epithelium of the teratoma

• May produce _________ resulting in carcinoid tumour
• Less than ____% metastasize.

A

intestinal

5-hydroxytryptamine

2%.

35
Q

Monodermal Teratoma

Struma _______
Struma __________\

A

Struma Ovarii
Struma Carcinoid

36
Q

Immature teratoma
• The component tissues resemble _________ and __________ tissue.

• Occurs in __________ adolescents and (young or old?) women
• Predominantly (solid or cystic?)
• Grading based on the ________________________

A

embryonal and immature fetal

prepubertal adolescents ; young

solid; presence of neuroepithelium

37
Q

Dysgerminoma

Ovarian counterpart of the _____________

About ______ of malignant germ cell tumors.

75% occur in the ___________ decades.

Rarely there is elevated levels of ———.

Majority have ____ endocrine function.

Associated with gonadal ________ and
____________

Express receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT.

A

seminoma of the testis.

half ; 2nd and 3rd

HCG.; no __________

dysgenesis ; pseudohermaphroditism

38
Q

Yolk sac tumour
• (Common or Rare?)
• it is the _____ most common
malignant germ cell tumour
• _____lateral and (Slowly or rapidly?) growing
• Rich in __________ and _________

A

Rare; 2nd

Uni; rapidly

α-fetoprotein and α1-antitrypsin

39
Q

Yolk sac tumour

• Histology
– ___________ body
– Conspicuous intracellular and extracellular ________ positive for __________
• (Good or Bad?) response to therapy

A

Schiller-Duval

hyaline droplets

α-fetoprotein

Good

40
Q

Choriocarcinoma

(Common or Rare?) , highly (benign or malignant?) tumor that secretes _________

Usually diagnosed in _________ (boys or girls?)

Associated with other germ cell tumours

A

Rare ; malignant

secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

prepubertal ; girls

Associated with other germ cell tumours

41
Q

Choriocarcinoma

Associated with other germ cell tumours

Equivalent to __________ choriocarcinoma originating from the _______ in the ______

(Poor or Good?) response to chemotherapy unlike that following ________

A

gestational choriocarcinoma

placenta; uterus

Poor ; gestation

42
Q

Fibroma:

This (benign or malignant?) (functioning or non-functioning?) tumour is composed of ________.

A

benign ; non-functioning

fibroblasts.

43
Q

Fibroma

May be associated with ______-sided
_________ and ______, (______’ syndrome).

It is (solid or cystic?) and _____ color on cross section and very (loose or firm?) due to the abundance of _________ in its stroma.

A

right-sided ; pleural effusion

ascites ; Meigs

solid ; white

firm ; collagen

44
Q

Most common sex cord tumour is??

A

Fibroma

45
Q

Thecoma
Similar to ________.

It is (benign or malignant?) , (solid or cystic?) , and (loose or firm?) , but
on cross section it appears
_______.

A

fibroma

benign; solid

firm ; yellow.

46
Q

Thecoma

It is composed of ______-shaped
cells (_____ cells) that contain ____
and synthesize _______.

A

spindle

theca ; fat

oestrogens.

47
Q

Granulosa cell tumour:

_______ and ______ type

Composed of _______ cells that may secrete _______.

(Solid or Cystic?) and _____color on cross section and usually not as (loose or firm?) as fibromas and thecomas.

A

Juvenile and adult type

granulosa cells; oestrogens.

Solid ; yellow

firm

48
Q

Granulosa cell tumour:

Histologically, it is composed of ________ cells that may form _______ bodies, like the normal ______ cells in ovarian _______.

A

granulosa cells

Call-Exner bodies

granulosa cells ; follicles.

49
Q

Granulosa cell tumour:

(Easy or Difficult?) to predict biologic behavior from histology

A

Difficult

50
Q

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour:

– This __________ tumour contains cells resembling testicular _______ and _____ cells.

– Secrete _______ and cause ________

A

biphasic

Sertoli and Leydig cells.

androgens; virilization

51
Q

virilization

•________ of the voice, _____ and _____ hirsutism
•______, _____megaly
•__________, _______

A

deepening ; facial and chest

acne ; clitoromegaly

amenorrhea; infertility

52
Q

Hilar cell tumors:

Usually (small or large?) ______color nodules in the _____ or the _______.

• May secrete _____________

A

small ; yellow

hilus ; ovary.

androgens

53
Q

Metastatic tumours

From the uterus, fallopian tube, contralateral ovary, or pelvic peritoneum.

Extra-müllerian tumors metastatic to the ovary are carcinomas of the ______ and ________, including colon, stomach, biliary tract, and pancreas.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei, derived from
_________ tumors.

Krukenberg tumor, characterized by _____________ commonest from ______

A

breast and gastrointestinal tract,

appendiceal

bilateral metastases

Stomach

54
Q

Hormones associated with ovarian
tumours

List 6

A

Glycoprotein CA-125
Oestrogen
Androgens
Alpha-fetoprotein
Human chorionic
gonadotropin

55
Q

Hormones associated with ovarian
tumours

Glycoprotein CA-125: Found in
—- tumors

Oestrogens: _______ and _______ tumors

Androgens: _______ and _______ tumors

Alpha-fetoprotein: _______
carcinoma

Human chorionic gonadotropin: ________

A

surface epithelial

Thecomas and granulosa cell

Sertoli-Leydig and hilar cell

Yolk sac

Choriocarcinoma

56
Q

Placenta infections

Ascending infection: Bacteria may
enter the _________ and cross
the ___________ or infect
the ___________.

Premature ______________ provides
an easy route for infection.

A

cervical canal ; foetal membranes

placental disk

rupture of membranes

57
Q

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Benign _________ mole,

Locally __________ mole,

______carcinoma

A

hydatidiform

invasive

Chorio

58
Q

Hydatidiform mole
Is a _________ abnormality of the placenta that occurs in ________ resulting from faulty _________.

consists of numerous _______
and occurs in two forms
• _________
• ______ mole

A

developmental

placenta

pregnancies; fertilization.

vesicles

• Complete
• Partial mole

59
Q

Complete hydatidiform mole

_____ karyotype:

______of 23 chromosomes are derived from ____________________.

This process, called androgenesis, is accompanied by a _____________ and the reduplication of the ____________ contributed by the sperm.

A

46XX; Both sets

the father

loss of maternal chromosome

male chromosome set

60
Q

Partial mole:

In this condition, the _______ _______ is attached to a ____________ foetus.

Partial moles result from __________ (i.e.,
__________ by ___________), leading to
_______ (_____ ,XXY).

A

abnormal placenta

partially formed

diandry

fertilization by two sperm

triploidy; 69

61
Q

Choriocarcinoma
(Common or Rare?) but highly _______ and _______ tumour composed of malignant mononuclear ___________ and
multinucleated ___________.

A

Rare; invasive malignant

cytotrophoblasts ;syncytiotrophoblasts.

62
Q

Choriocarcinoma
It develops in 1 of ________ pregnancies.

Very young and older women (younger than _____ and older than ___ years) are most often affected.

A

30,000

20; 40

63
Q

Choriocarcinoma
Approximately 50% of choriocarcinomas arise from ______________________ , 25% originate from ______________________, and 25% arise after a ______________________

A

pre-existing complete hydatidiform moles

residual chorionic villi after an abortion,

normal pregnancy

64
Q

germ cell choriocarcinomas are incurable

T/F

A

T

65
Q

Choriocarcinoma arising from the placenta carries ______ genes that are ______ to the host.

A

paternal

foreign

66
Q

gestational choriocarcinomas are readily (curable or incurable?)

A

gestational choriocarcinomas are readily curable
with chemotherapy, which probably also stimulates the host’s
immune system in the defence against the tumour.

House AMP (64 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions