Intro Flashcards
basic anatomy and physiology concepts (504 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
(cut apart) the study of structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
2
Q
Physiology
A
the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
3
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
macro anatomy
4
Q
Regional Gross Anatomy
A
all structures in one part of the body
5
Q
systematic
A
gross anatomy of the body studied by system
6
Q
surface
A
gross anatomy study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
7
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
small level
8
Q
Cytology
A
Study of the cell
9
Q
Histology
A
study of the tissues
10
Q
Dvpmental Anatomy
A
traces structural changes throughout life
11
Q
Embryology
A
study of dvpmental changes of the body before birth
12
Q
Pathological Anatomy
A
study of structural changes caused by disease
13
Q
Radiographic anatomy
A
study of internal structures visualized by x ray
14
Q
Molecular Bio
A
study of anatomical structures at a sub cellular level
15
Q
Renal Physiology
A
kidney function
16
Q
Neurophysiology
A
workings of the nervous sys
17
Q
Cardiovascular physiology
A
op of the heart and blood vessels
18
Q
what does physiology often focus on ?
A
cellular and molecular level
19
Q
Principle of Complementarity of structure and f(x)
A
F(x) always reflects structure
structures capability depends on its form
ex) bones will support and protect cuz of mineral deposits
blood will flow in one direction
20
Q
What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
A
Chemical (atoms) Cellular(cells made up of molecules) Tissue (made of cells) Organs (made of tissues) Organ Sys ( organs working together) Organismal (organ sys)
21
Q
Integumentary Sys
A
Forms the external body covering
Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects deeo tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
22
Q
Skeletal Sys
A
bone, cartilage, and ligaments protects and supports body organs provides the framework for muscles site of blood cell formation stores minerals
23
Q
Muscular Sys
A
muscles and tendons
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expressions
maintains posture
produces heat
24
Q
Nervous Sys
A
brain, spinal column and nerves
is the fast acting ctrl sys of the body
responds to stimuli by activating muscle and glands
25
cardiovascular sys
heart and blood vessels
heart pumps blood
blood vessels transport throughout the body
26
Lymphatic Sys
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
pick up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood
dipoles of debris in the lymphatic stream
houses white blood cells involved w/ immunity
27
Respiratory Sys
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes co2
28
Digestive Sys
Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
breaks down food into absorbable units that enters the blood
eliminates indegestible foodstuffs as feces
29
Urinary Sys
kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
rids nitrogenous wastes from body
regulates water, electrolytes, and pH balance of the blood
30
Male Reproductive Sys
```
prostate gland, penis, testes and scrotum
main f(x) is the production of offspring
testes yield sperm and male sex hormones
ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female rep rod tract
```
31
Female Reprod Sys
```
mam gland, ovarie , uterine tubes (fallopian), uterus, and vag
Main f(x) is the production of offspring
ovaries yield eggs and female sex hormones
remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and dvp of the fetus
mam glands yield milk to nourish the newborn
```
32
Organ Sys Interelations
| how are nutrients and o2 distributed?
blood
33
how is metabolic waste eliminated?
urinary and resp sys
34
Maintaining Boundaries
the internal environment remains distinct from external (blood brain)
35
Maintaining Bounds Cellular lvl
accomplished by plasma membrane
36
Maintaining Bounds Organism lvl
accomplished by skin
37
Movement
locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis, and contractility
38
Responsiveness
ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
39
Digestion
breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
40
metabolism
all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
41
excretion
removal of wastes from the body
42
reproduction
cellular and organismal levels
43
cellular reproduction
an oringal cell divides and yields two daughter cells
44
organismal reproduction
sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
45
growth
increase in size of a body part or the organism, constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones
46
Nutrients
chem substances used for energy and cell building
47
O2
needed for metabolic rxn 21%
48
Water
provides necessary environment for chem runs makes up 60-80% of body
maintain normal body temp
49
Normal body temp
37 degrees cels
| 98.6 f
50
Atmospheric Pressure
req'd for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
51
Walter Cannon
Physiology that conceptionalized homestasis
52
Homeostatis
ability to maintain a relativey stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical thermal and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
53
Homeostatic Ctrl Mech
Variable produces a change in the body that have three comments (receptors, ctrl center, effector)
54
Receptor
monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
| inputs afferent pathways
55
Control Center
determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
56
Effector
provides the means to respond to the stimulus
| outputs efferent pathways
57
Negative Feedback Sys
output shuts off the original stimulus
| ex) Regulation of Blood Glucose levels
58
Positive Feedback Sys
output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Cascade (keeps happening)
Out of Ctrl
Oxytocin ( hormone released during love and uterine contractions)
ex) Blood Clotting
Too much of this system can cause stroke or an embolism
59
Homeostatic Imbalance
disturbance of homeostasis or the body's normal equilibrium
diseases
Age
Overwhelming of negative feedback mech allowing destructive positive feedback mech to take over
ex) heart failure
60
Anatomical Position
Describe body parts and position
Need Initial Reference Point
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing fwd, thumbs point away from body
normal
61
Directional Terms
explain where one body structure is relative to another
62
Superior
structure is higher than
63
Inferior
structure is lower than
64
anterior
in front of
65
posterior
in back of/ behind
66
Medial
moving toward middle
67
Lateral
move to side (left or right)
68
intermediate
between lateral and medial
69
Proximal
closer to origin of body part
70
distal
farther from original body part
71
superficial
toward surface
72
deep
away from body surface
73
Regional Term Use
to designate specific areas within major body divisions
74
2 Major Regions
Axial
| Appendicular
75
Axial
head, neck, and trunk
76
Appendicular
appendages or limbs
77
anterior/ventral
front
78
posterior/dorsal
back
79
Abdominal
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs (anterior)
80
acromial
point of shoulder (anterior)
81
antebrachial
forearm (anterior)
82
antecubital
anterior surface of elbow
83
axillary
(anterior) armpit
84
brachial
(anterior) arm
85
buccal
cheek area
86
carpal
wrist
87
cervical
neck region
88
coxal
hip
89
crural
leg
90
deltoid
curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
91
digital
fingers toes
92
femoral
thigh
93
fibular
lateral part of leg
94
frontal
forehead
95
inguinal
area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
96
mental
chin
97
nasal
nose area
98
oral
mouth
99
orbital
eye area
100
patellar
anterior knee
101
pelvic
area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
102
pubic
genital region
103
sternal
breastbone area
104
tarsal
ankle region
105
thoracic
chest
106
umbilical
navel
107
posterior body landmarks
888
108
calcaneal
heel of foot
109
cephaliic
head
110
femoral
thigh
111
gluteal
buttock
112
lumbar
area of back btw ribs and hips, loin
113
occipital
posterior surface of head or base of skull
114
olecranal
posterior surface of elbow
115
popliteal
posterior of knee area
116
sacral
area btw hips
117
scapular
shoulder blade region
118
sural
the posterior surface of leg; calf
119
vertebral
area of spinal column
120
plantar
sole of foot region
121
Anterior/Ventral Cephalic
Frontal, orbital, nasal, buccal, oral, mental
122
Dorsal/ Post Cephalic
Occipital (head of back)
123
Dorsal/ Post Back
Scapular, Vertbral, Lumbar, scaral, and gluteal
124
Body Planes
body sectioned (cut) along a flat surface
125
Sagittal
Body plane that divides the body into right and left parts away from midsagittal
126
Midsagittal/ medial
body plane that sagittal plane that lies on midline
127
frontal/ coronal
body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
128
Transverse/ horizontal (cross section)
divides body into superior and inferior parts
129
Oblique section
cuts made diagonally
130
parasagitall
near
131
Anatomical Variability
Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy
Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions: but,
nerves/ blood vessels may be somewhat out of order
small muscles may be missing
extreme anatomical variations are seldom even
132
Dorsal Cavity
protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions
133
Cranial Cavity
is within the skull and encases the brain (subdivision of dorsal)
134
Vertebral Cavity
runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord (subdivision of dorsal)
135
Ventral Cavity
(more anterior) houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions; thoracic and abdominopelvic
136
Thoracic Cavity
subdivided into pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity
137
Pleural cavities
each houses a lung
138
mediastinum
contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
139
Pericardial Cavity
encloses the heart
140
Diaphragm
abdopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity
dome-shaped
141
Abdominapelvic Cavity
Abdominal pelvic and pelvic cavity
142
abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
143
Pelvic cavity
lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
144
Serosa
thin double layer membrane in ventral body cavity
145
Parietal serosa
lines internal body walls
146
Visceral Serosa
covers the internal organs
147
What separates serosae?
serous fluid
| lubricates organs to prevent fiction so that fluid doesn't build up
148
Pericarditist
percardiam is inflamed with fluid
149
Cardiac Tamponade
Friction that creates excess fluid sitting around heart = fluid pressure that needs to be drained
150
What organs are most vulnerable during an accident?
abdominopelvic organs
151
Oral and Digestive Cavities
mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
152
Nasal
located within and posterior to the nose
153
orbital
house the eyes
154
Middle ear
contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
155
synovial
joint cavities
156
Umbilical Region
Region that is center located where belly button is
157
epigrastric region
area above stomach
158
hypogastric region
below umbilical (pubic)
159
Right and Left Iliac/inguinal region
beside hypogastric
160
Right and Left Lumbar
side of umbilical
161
Right/Left Hypochondriac
side of epigastric
162
anatomy chem
basic chem
163
Mass
equivalent to amount of matter in the obj
164
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
165
Solid
has definite shape and volume
166
liquid
has definite volume, changeable shape
167
gas
has changeable shape and volume
168
energy
no mass and doesn't take up space
capacity to do work
169
Kinetic energy
energy in action
170
potential energy
energy of position; stored (inactive) energy
171
chemical energy
stored in the bonds of chemical substances
172
electrical energy
results from the movement of charged particles
173
mechanical energy
directly involved in moving matter
174
radiant or electromagnetic energy
energy traveling in waves
175
elements
unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means
112
176
Atoms
more or less identical blocks for each element
177
atomic symbol
one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element
178
Physical Properties of Elements
those detected with our senses
179
chemical properties
pertain to the way atoms interact with one another (bonding)
180
Major Elements
96.1%
C, H, N, O
Macronutirents
181
Lesser Elements
make up 3.9% of body
| Ca,P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, I, and Fe
182
Trace Elements
makes up .01% of body
required in minute ants
found as part of enzymes
Co, Zn, Si
183
Nucleus of Atom
neutrons and protons
184
Neutrons
have no charge and a mass of one atomic mass unit
185
Protons
have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amu
186
Nucleus charge
neutral
187
electrons
orbit nucleus and have a negative charge and mass of 1/20,000 mass of proton (0 amu)
188
Planetary Model
electrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits
189
orbital model
regions around the nucleus in which e-s are most likely to be found
190
Atomic Number
equal to the number of protons
| tells number of electrons
191
How is atomic number written?
subscript to left of atomic symbol
192
Mass Number
equal to the mass of the protons and neutrons
one p+ or n0= 1 amu
Mass of e- is ignored
193
How is mass number written?
superscript left of symbol
194
Atomic Weight
average of the mass numbers of all isotopes
195
What is the basic rule for atomic weight = to?
mass # of the most abundant isotope
196
isotope
atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of a neutrons; making structural variations in atoms
197
How are isotopes written?
By atomic symbol followed by mass number
| C-14
198
Molecule
2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
199
Molecule of a element
When an element is bonded to the same element
| H2
200
Molecule of a compound
when 2 or more different kinds of atoms bond
| H20
201
compound
chemically pure (all molecules are identical)
202
Molecule displays?
```
characteristics of compound
same f(x)
```
203
Atoms displays?
characteristics of element
204
How do atoms combine?
Chem bonds
205
Chemical Bonds
Made/broken in less than a trillionth of a second
206
Electron shells/energy levels
surround the nucleus of atom
207
How are bonds formed?
elections in the outermost energy level
208
how many electrons in first shell?
2
209
Outer shells?
8
210
Valence Shell
outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons
211
octet rule
except first shell that has two, the atoms interact to have 8 elections in their valence shell
212
Inert elements
have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons
Helium and Neon (inert gas used in welding)
213
Reactive Elements
don't have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons
214
Ionic Bonds
Atoms are electrically neutral
| gain or lose electrons
215
Ions
charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of e-'s
216
Anions
gained one or more electrons
| negative charge
217
Cations
have lost one or more electrons
| positively charged
218
How are ionic bonds formed?
atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons
219
what do iconic compound form?
crystals instead of molecules
| NaCl (salt)
220
Ionic bonds are commonly formed how?
between atoms with one or two valence electrons and atoms with 7
221
Cations and anions are held by?
ionic bonds
222
dry state salts form?
crystals
223
Most ionic bonds form what structure ?
crystals
224
Covalent Bonds
formed by sharing of 2 or more electrons
225
electron sharing yields
molecules in covalent bonds
226
trachea, bronchi, aveoli
respiratory
227
Biochemistry
chemical compositions and run's in living matter
228
organic compounds
contain carbon
covalent bond
large
229
inorganic compounds
don't have carbon
| water, salts, many acids and bases
230
Is water an organic or inorganic compound?
inorganic
231
Water's High Heat Capacity
absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature (ideal for the body)
232
h2o high heat of vaporization
changing from a liquid to a gas requires large amounts of heat (h bonds)
233
h2o polar solvent properties
disolves ionic substances, forms hydration layers around large charged molecules, and serves as the body's major transport medium
(needed for biochem)
234
Reactivity (h2o)
is an vital part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis rxns
235
Cushioning
resilient cushion around certain body organs (cerebrospinal fluid)
236
Salts compound type?
inorganic compound
237
Salts contain?
Ionic compound containing cations other than h+ and anions other than OH-
238
What happens when salts dissolve in h2o?
they dissociate into their component ions
239
All ions, salts, acids and bases are what?
Electrolytes
240
electrolytes
they conduct electrical current in a solution
241
Salts in the body
Calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, NaCl
242
salt ionize in water allows?
bio
243
Fe (iron)
Hemoglobin
244
why are salts, acid and bases electrolytes?
they ionize and dissociates in water and conduct electricity
245
Acid
subtance that releases H+
| sour and react with metals
246
What happens when acids dissolve in h2o?
release hydrogen and anions
247
Concentration of protons determines what?
acidity of a solution
248
acids releasing h+ = what?
proton donors
249
Bases taste and feel
slippery
| bitter
250
bases are proton?
accepters
251
common inorganic bases
hydroxides
magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)
sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
dissociates and dissolves in water
252
what are liberated in base when dissolved in water?
Hydroxy ions (OH-)
253
What happens when hydroxyl ions combine with H
water produced and acidity is reduced
254
Bases release and are?
OH- and are proton accepters
255
acidic solutions
have higher H+ concentrations and thus a lower pH
256
Alkaline solutions
have lower H+ concentrations and thus a higher pH
257
Neutral solutions
have equal h+ and OH- concentrations
258
bicarbonate ion
HCO3- is plentiful in blood
259
Ammonia
NH3 has one pair of unshared electrons that strongly attracts protons (protein breakdown)
260
if ammonia accepts electrons it becomes what?
Ammonium ion
261
pH scale
0-14
262
pH 7
equal H+ and OH-
263
Acidic pH
0-6.99
264
Basic pH
7.01-14
265
Neutral pH
7
266
Buffers
systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids
267
how buffers work?
increasing H+ and binding H+
268
in buffers acids reflect what?
only free H+
269
Buffering controlled by?
kidneys and lungs
270
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
271
strong acid
dissociates completely and irreversibly in water (hydrochloric and sulfuric acid)
272
weak acid
dont dissociate fully
273
strong base
tba
274
weak bse
sodium bicarbonate
275
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate sys
Carbonic acid dissociates, reversibly bicarbonate ions and protons
Chem equalibrim btw carbonic acid and bicarb rests pH changes in blood
rise in pH
reverse low in pH
276
organic compounds
molecules unique to living systems contain carbon and hence are organic compounds
277
Carbon excpetions?
carbon dioxide/monoxide and barbides
278
4 major organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleics Acid
279
Carbohyrates contain?
Hydrated carbons
2:1
C, H ,O
280
Carbohyrate major function
supply source of cellular food
| monosaccarides (simple sugar)
281
dissaccharides
double sugars
282
Polysacs
polymers of simple sugar
283
Lipids contain
C,H, O, but he proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates
284
lipids are insoluble in?
in water
285
Lipids are soluble in?
acohol
286
Neutral Fats
Triglycerides
287
Trigylyerides ratio
3:1
288
TG location
under skin
| women swimmers
289
phospholipids
modified trigylcerides with 2 fatty acids groups and a phosphorus group
290
steroids
lipids
flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings (cholesterol
hormones vit D and bile salts
291
eicosanoids
lipid that derived from 20-c fatty acids (arachidonic acid) found in cell membranes
292
neutral fats location
found in subcatenous tissue and around organs
293
phospholipids
chief component of cell membranes
294
steroids are
cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin d, sex hormones, and adrenal cortical hormones
295
Fat soluble vitamins
vitamins A, E, K
296
eicosanoids
prostglandins, leuoktriens (hayfever and asthma hist), and thromboxanes
297
lipoproteins
transport fatty acids and cholesterol in bloodstream
298
Amino acids
building blocks of protein, containing an amino group and a carboxyl group
10-30% cell mass
amino acid structure
299
proteins
macromolecules composed of combo of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds
300
Enzymes globular proteins
biological catalysts
301
Enzymes are what spec?
chemically
302
Enzyme name?
type of reaction they catalyze
303
Enzyme name ends in?
ase
304
Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
binds with substrate, product is formed at lower activation energy, product released
305
Nonpolar molecules
e-'s shared equally between atoms
306
polar molecules
e-'s shared unequally
307
Polarity determines
shape of molecule
308
electronegative
atoms with 6 or & valence shell electrons
309
electropositve
atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell e-'s
310
Hydrogens bods
```
too weak to bind atoms together (attraction)
common in dipoles such as water
responsible for surface tension in water
beads
vital as intramolecular bonds
```
311
chem rxns
occur when chem bonds are formed, rearranged or broken
312
how are chem runs written?
symboic form using chem eqns
313
Chem eqns have?
```
# and type of reacting substances and products yield
relative ants of reactants and products
```
314
combo rxns
synthesis reactions which always involve bond formation
| A+B--> AB
315
Decomposition Rxn
molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
| AB-->A + B
316
Exchange Rxn
bonds are both made and broken
| AB+C-->AC+B
317
Oxidation-Reduction (redox) rxns reactants losing e-s
electron donors and oxidized
318
Redoc taking up e-s
electron accpetors and become reduced
319
exergonic rxns
reactions that release energy
320
endergonic rxns
reactions whose products contain more potential energy than did its reactants
321
all chem runs are?
theoretically reversible
322
How is chem equilibrium reached?
if neither a fwd nor reverse run is dominant
323
temp
chem rx proceed quicker at higher temp
324
particle size
the smaller the particle the faster the chem rxn
325
concentration
higher reacting particle concentrations yield faster rxns
326
catalysts
increase the rate of a run without being chemically changed
327
enzymes
biological catalysts
328
Robert Hooke
Created cell theory
329
Cell Theory Hooke
Cells Arise from other cells
| Spontaneous Generation
330
Cell Theory 4 things
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
Organismal Activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells
Biochem activités of cells are dictated by sub cellular structure (principle of complementarity)
Continuity of life has a cellular basis
331
Cells types amount
200
332
How many cells?
50-100 trillion
333
Cell Function
```
cells that connect
move body
store nutrient
fight disease
nerve
reproduce
```
334
Plasma Membrane seperates
intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
335
plasma membrane role
plays a dynamic role in cellular activity
336
Glycocalyx plasma membrane
a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological makers by which cells recognize one another
337
FLuid Mosaic Model size
Thin 7-10 nm (one millionth of a meter)
338
FMM appearance
double bilayer lipids with imbedded, dispersed, proteins
339
What does PM bilayer consist of?
phosphoplipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
340
Glycolipids
lipids with bound carbohydrate
341
Phospholipids
have hydrophobic and hydrophilic bipoles
342
Function of Membrane Proteins
```
Transport
Enzymatic Activity
Receptors for signal transduction
Intercellular adhesion
cell-cell recognition
attachment to cytoskeloton and extracellular matrix
```
343
Protein on Plamsa Memb surfaces
half of memb mass
344
What kinds of proteins in PM
integral
| peripheral
345
Integral protein
some are transmembrane proteins (transport) forming channels and carrier
346
integral forms what
receptors (signal transduction)
347
Peripheal proteins
found on end of integral proteins
348
peripheral proteins forms
network of filament; some are enzymes
349
how does membranes differ?
kind and Amt of lipids they have
350
glycolipids location
found only in outer membrane surface
351
20% of membrane lipids are
cholesterol
352
Glycoproteins in glycocalex
act as adhesive
| wavy contours and special membrane junctions
353
Tight Junction
impermeable junction that encircles the cell forms imperm junct
354
Tight junction examples
Eplithial cell of GI
355
demosome
anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells (rivets) AND HAS PLAque and cadherins
356
Plaque and cadherins use
hold cells
357
demosome contributes
internal network of guy wires (skin and muscles). Intermediate filament
358
Gap Junction
a nexus
link the means of connection btw things linked in series
(excitiable tissues)
359
Passive Membrane Transport : Diffusion
interstiutual fuild, extracellular (hormones, AA, fats. and NT)
selective movement
movement in 2 directions
Passive and active transport
360
2 passive types of movement
diffusion cell to cell
| filtation cap wall
361
polar covalent bond
a bond which electrons are shared unequally
362
A bond which electrons are lost or gained by atoms
ionic bond
363
bond which electrons are shared equally
nonpolar covalent bond
364
type of bond vital in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three dimensional structure
H bond
365
first one or two letters of an elements name
Atomic symbol
366
of protons
atomic number
367
combined # of protons and neutrons
mass number of an element
368
True/F
| isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains
false
369
T/f
| all organic compounds contain carbon
true
370
A chem rxn in which bonds are broken is usually associated with the ....
release of energy
371
Unstable atom
2, 8, 1
372
Active Transport
uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane
373
What does Active Transport require?
Carrier proteins like carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
374
Fac diff honors?
concentration gradient active transport doesn't
375
AT works how?
against concentration gradient
376
Two types of AT
Symport sys
| Antiport sys
377
Symport Sys
2 substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction
378
Antiport sys
2 substances are moved across a membrane in opposite direction
379
Passive Membrane Transport
Simple, Fac Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
380
Simple, Fac Dif, and osmosis energy source
Kinetic energy
381
Filtration Energy source?
Hydostatic Pressure
382
example of simple diff
Movement of O2 through membrane
383
example of fac diff
Movement of glucose into cells
384
osmosis example
movement of water in/out of cells
385
filtration exp
formation of kidney filtrate
386
active transport of solutes example
movement of ions across membranes
387
exocytosis example
neurotransmitter secretiion
388
endocytosis example
white blood cell phagocytosis
389
fluid-phase endocytosis example
absorption by intestinal cells
390
receptormediatated endocytois exp
homone and choleserol uptake
391
endocytosis via caveoli
chlosterol regulation
392
intracellular trafficking of molecules is exp?
endo via coatomer vesicles
393
cytoplasm
Material between plasma membrane and the nucleus. Most cellular activities occurs. Contains:cytosol, organelles, inclusions
394
Cytosol
largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes
vicious, semi-transparent
395
cytoplasmic organelles
metabolic machinery of the cell
| carry out special f(x)'s
396
Inclusions
chem substances such as glycosides, glycogen granules, pigment (may/may not be present)
397
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Specialized cellular compartments, membranous and nonmemb
398
Membranous
```
mitchondria
peroxisomes
lysosomes
ER
Golgi appartus
```
399
Mitochondria structure
double membrane with shelf-like cristae
400
What does mitochondria provide?
most of cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
401
Mitochondria has?
own DNA and RNA can reproduce themselves by fission
402
Mitochondria makes up?
5% of the proteins need to function
403
When energy demand increases in mito what occurs?
fission
404
Mito density?
dictated by energy demand
405
What are ribosomes?
Granules containing protein and rRNA (r=ribosomal_
406
Ribosomes are found at
site of proteins
407
Ribosomes have how many subunits?
2
408
Some ribosomes float freely in the ?
cytop
409
Some ribosomes are attached to?
membranes forming rough endoplasmic reticulum
410
Free ribosomes synthesize?
soluble proteins (cytosol)
411
Membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize
proteins to be incorporated into membranes or export
412
T/F Ribosomes can switch back?
True
413
ER structure
interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cistern and is continuos with nuclear membrane
414
Two varieties of ER?
Smooth
| Rough
415
rough ER structure
external surface studded with ribosomes
416
What does rough ER do?
manufactures proteins secreted from cell, so it's well developed in secretary cells, antibody-producing cells and liver cells
Forms the membrane factory
417
what is assembled in rough ER?
proteins assemebled here goes into the cisternea
418
What is the rough er responsible for?
synthesis of integral membrane protein and phospholipids for cell membranes
419
Signal Mech of Protein Syntheis
Signal sequence
| cell recognition particle (SRP)
420
mRNA
ribosome complex is directed to rough ER by a signal-recognition particle (SRP)
421
SRP is released and what happens?
polypeptide grows into cisternAE
422
In SRP protein folds into?
a 3D conformation
423
in arp how is protein enclosed?
transport vesicle and moves two the Golgi Apparatus
424
Smooth ER structure
tubules arranged in a looping network
425
SMooth ER function
catalyzes the listed reactions in various organs of body
426
Liver example for Smooth ER function
lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen and along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs
427
testes function by smooth er
synthesis of steroid-based hormones
428
Smooth er intestinal cells
absoprtion, synthesis,and transport of fats
429
SMooth er skeletal and cardiac muscle (sacroplasmic reticulum)
storage and release of calcium
430
Golgi Apparatus Structure
stack and flattened membranous sacs
431
GA functions in?
modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins
432
Transport vessels from Er do what?
fuse with the convex cis face of the GA
433
Proteins pass through GA to?
Trans face
434
Secretory vesicles leave?
trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell, leaving by exocytosis
435
Lysosomes structure
spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
436
Lysosomes digest?
ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
437
Lysosomes degrade?
nonfunctional organelles
438
Lysosomes breakdown?
glycogen and release thyroid hormone
nonuseful tissues (webs)
bone to release Ca2+
Uterine lining during menustration
439
Where are secretory lysosomes found?
white blood cells
immune cells
melanocytes
440
Lysosome Memb
02, injured, Vitamin A
| Autolysis?
441
Microfilaments structure
dynamic strands of the protein actin
442
Where are Microfilaments attached to?
cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
| CAMs and function to endocytosis and exocytosis
443
Microfilament function
braces and strengthens cell surface
444
Intermediate Filaments Characteristics
Tough
| insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength
445
Intermedi Filament resist
pulling forces on the cell and help form demsomes
446
Peroxisomes structure
membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases
447
Peroxisomes cells
kidney and liver cells
448
Peroxisomes function
detoxify harmful/toxic subtances
449
Peroxisomes Neutralize
dangerous free radicals
450
Free Radicals
highly reactive chemicals with unpaired e-'s
451
2 example of fr
oxidases converts FR to hydrogen peroxide; hydrogen peroxide is converted to water (catalases)
452
What is cytoskeloton?
the skeleton of the cell
dynamic elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol
453
What does cytoskel consist of?
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
454
Microtubules
dynamic
| hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin
455
Microtubules dtermine?
overall shape o the cell and distribution of organelles
456
Motor molecules
Protein complexes that function in motility
457
What powers motor molecules?
ATP
458
Motor molecules attach to
receptors on organelles
459
micro tubes
are attached at one end near the nucleus to the region called the centrosome
460
Centrioles look
small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus
pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules
461
centrioles organize
mitotic spindle during mitosis
462
centrioles form
bases of cilia and flagella
463
CilliA
whiplike motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells
move subtances in one direction across cell surface
464
Cillia line the ?
respiratory tract
465
When a cell forms cilia the centrioles...?
multiply and line up under the cell membrane
466
Microtubes sprout from each centriole forms what/
cillary projection
467
When cillary projection grow long, they are called?
flagella
468
cillia versus flaggella
across cell versus propulsion
469
Nucleus is the ?
control center
470
Nucleus contains?
nuclear envelope
nucleoli
chromatin
distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets
471
nucleus is gene?
-containing ctrl ctr of cell
472
nucleus has?
genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
473
nucleus dictates
kinds and amts of proteins to be synthesized
474
multinucleated?
muscle and bone destruction cells
475
anucleated?
rbc
476
no nucleus
no mRNA=no protein synthesis
477
largest orgnelle
nuclues
478
nucleus' shape
dictated by shape of cell
479
3 regions of nucleus
envelope
nucleoli
chromatin
480
nuclear envelope
selectively permeable double membrane barrier has pores
481
nuclear membrane encloses
jellylike cytoplasm; has essential solutes
482
outer nuclear envel membrane
continuous with rough ER and is studded with ribosome
483
inner membrane
lined with nuclear lamina that maintains the shape of the nucleus
484
pore complex regulates
transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus
485
Nucleoli
dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucls, not membrane bound
486
amt of nucleoli/nucleus?
1 or 2
487
Nucleoli has
large growing cells
| DNA that issue genetic info for synthesizing RNA mRNA
488
When RNA are synthesized they combine with proteins to form?
two types of ribosomal subunits
489
Proteins made by ribosomes in the cytoplasm are imported?
into the nucleus
490
nucleoli site
of ribosome productions
491
chromatin
threadlike strands of dan 30%
| 60% globular histones proteins
492
chromatin is arranged how?
fundamental units
493
nucleosome
fundamental units of chromatin
494
chromatin consists of
8 histones proteins connected to DNA
495
When cell divides ..?a
chromatin forms condensed bar like bodies of chromosomes
496
condense body
prevent tangling
| breakage of chromatin
497
Cell Life Cycle
Series of changes cells undergoes from formation to reproduction involving two major periods: interphase and cell division (mitotic)
498
Interphase
growing
normal activities
growth or metabolic
499
Cell division (mitotic)
when cell divides into daughter cells
500
INTERPHASE PARTS
Growth G1, synthesis s, growth g2
501
Miotic Phase
Mitosis and cytokinesis
502
g1 gap one
metabolic activity and vigorous growth
last for minutes/ years, virtually no cell division
Twds end centrioles start to replicate for cell division
503
synthetic
DNA replication that ensures that cell division will result in 2 cells with identical copies of genetic material without proper S phase there can be no correct mitotic phase
504
G2 gap 2
brief prep for division enzymes and proetiens needed for division are synthesized and move to proper psotion
at end of this phase centriole replication is done
