Intro

Question 1

the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information

Answer 1

cognitive psychology

Question 2

mental shortcuts we use to remember information

Answer 2

heuristics

Question 3

a developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange of ideas

Answer 3

dialectic

Question 4

the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis

Answer 4

rationalist

Question 5

evidence is obtained through experience and observation

Answer 5

empiricist

Question 6

rene descartes: ____:: john locke: _____

Answer 6

rationalist, empiricist

Question 7

german philosopher who synthesized descartes and locke’s views

Answer 7

immanuel kant

Question 8

seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components

Answer 8

structuralism

Question 9

__ was a german psychologist whose ideas contributed to the development of structuralism

Answer 9

wilhelm wundt

Question 10

method in structuralism which is the conscious observation of one’s own thinking process with the aim of looking at the elementary components of an object or process

Answer 10

introspection

Question 11

the introduction of introspection as an experimental method was an important change in the field because the main emphasis in the study of the mind ___

Answer 11

shifted from a rationalist approach to the empiricist approach of observing behavior

Question 12

one of wundt’s followers

Answer 12

edward titchener

Question 13

seeks to understand what ppl do and why they do it. focus is on processes of thought than content

Answer 13

functionalism

Question 14

functionalist are interested in the ___ of their research

Answer 14

practical application

Question 15

believes that knowledge is validated by its usefulness

Answer 15

pragmatism

Question 16

the leader that guided functionalism to pragmatism

Answer 16

william james

Question 17

examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning

Answer 17

associationism

Question 18

associating things that tend to occur together at the same time

Answer 18

contiguity

Question 19

associating things with similar features or properties

Answer 19

similarity

Question 20

associating things that show polarities

Answer 20

contrast

Question 21

the first experimenter to apply associationist principle sytematically

Answer 21

hermann ebbinghaus

Question 22

the conscious repetition of material to be learned

Answer 22

rehearsal

Question 23

what can frequent repetition/rehearsal do?

Answer 23

fix mental associations more firmly in memory

Question 24

held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations

Answer 24

edward lee thorndike

Question 25

a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response

Answer 25

law of effect

Question 26

focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli

Answer 26

behaviorism

Question 27

nobel prize-winner that studied involuntary behavior of this sort

Answer 27

ivan pavlov

Question 28

effective conditioning requires __ on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Answer 28

contingency

Question 29

the "father" of radical behaviorism

Answer 29

john watson

Question 30

believed that all forms of human behavior, not just learning, could be explained by reactions to the environment

Answer 30

b.f. skinner

Question 31

strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcements (rewards) or punishments

Answer 31

operant conditioning

Question 32

criticisms of behaviorism

Answer 32

did not account well for complex mental activities

Question 33

sometimes viewed as a forefather of modern cognitive psychology

Answer 33

edward tolman

Question 34

tolman believed that all behavior is ____

Answer 34

directed towards a goal

Question 35

we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured whole

Answer 35

gestalt psychology

Question 36

the belief that most human behavior explains how people think

Answer 36

cognitivism

Question 37

challenged the behaviorist view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies outside the individual

Answer 37

karl spencer lashley

Question 38

lashley considered the brain to be an ___

Answer 38

active, dynamic organizer of behavior

Question 39

donald hebb proposed the concept of ___ as the basis for learning in the brain

Answer 39

cell assemblies

Question 40

judges whether a computer program's output was indistinguishable from the output of humans

Answer 40

turing test

Question 41

the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning

Answer 41

intelligence

Question 42

intelligence involves...

Answer 42

the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment

Question 43

three-stratum model of intelligence

Answer 43

I: specific abilities II: broad abilities (fluid and crystallized) III: general intelligence (g)

Question 44

intelligence consists of creative, analytical, and practical abilities

Answer 44

sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence