Visual Perception

Question 1

the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

Answer 1

perception

Question 2

the object in the external world

Answer 2

distal (far) object

Question 3

__ could be sound waves, reflected light, tactile information

Answer 3

informational medium

Question 4

when information comes into contact with the appropriate sensory receptors

Answer 4

proximal (near) object

Question 5

perception occurs when a __ is created in you that reflects the properties of the external world

Answer 5

perceptual object

Question 6

receptor cells adapt to constant stimulation by not firing until there is a change in stimulation

Answer 6

sensory adaptation

Question 7

a uniform visual field where your eyes have adapted to the stimulus

Answer 7

ganzfeld

Question 8

a mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived

Answer 8

percept

Question 9

through the eyes electromagnetic light energy is converted
into

Answer 9

neural electrochemical impulses

Question 10

a clear dome and protective covering of the eye

Answer 10

cornea

Question 11

the opening in the middle of the iris

Answer 11

pupil

Question 12

light continues through the __ and __

Answer 12

lenses and vitreous humor

Question 13

gel-like substance that makes up majority of the eye

Answer 13

vitreous humor

Question 14

converts electromagnetic light energy to neurochemical impulses

Answer 14

retina

Question 15

vision is most acute in the __

Answer 15

fovea, a small and thin region in the retina

Question 16

the very part of the retina that does the conversion of light to electrochemical energy

Answer 16

photoreceptors

Question 17

two kinds of photoreceptors

Answer 17

rods and cones

Question 18

is within the rods and cones (2 photoreceptors) which are chemical substances that reacts to light and transform physical electromagnetic energy into an electrochemical neural impulse that can be understood by the brain

Answer 18

photopigments

Question 19

long and thin photoreceptors more highly concentrated in the retina’s periphery than in the foveal region

Answer 19

rods

Question 20

the rods are responsible for __

Answer 20

night vision and are sensitive to light and dark stimuli

Question 21

short and thick photoreceptors. more highly concentrated in the foveal region than in the periphery of the retina

Answer 21

cones

Question 22

the cones are responsible for __

Answer 22

perception of color

Question 23

the neurochemical messages processed by the rods and cones of the retina travel via the __ to the __

Answer 23

bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Question 24

the axons of the ganglion cells in the eyes collectively form the __ of that eye

Answer 24

optic nerve

Question 25

further path of sensory info from optic nerve

Answer 25

- optic nerve of the two eyes join at the base of the brain to form optic chiasma - ganglion cells travel contralateral via optic chiasma and ipsalateral to the thalamus - from thalamus, neurons carry info to primary visual cortex

Question 26

from occipital lobe to the fasciculi (fiber bundles), info ascends to the parietal lobe

Answer 26

dorsal or where pathway

Question 27

the dorsal/where pathway processes

Answer 27

location and motion info

Question 28

from occipital lobe to the fasciculi (fiber bundles), info descends to the temporal lobe

Answer 28

ventral or what pathway

Question 29

the ventral/what pathway processes

Answer 29

color, shape, identity of visual stimuli

Question 30

temporal lobe lesions in monkeys

Answer 30

can indicate where but not what

Question 31

parietal lobe lesions in monkeys

Answer 31

can indicate what but not where

Question 32

the what-how hypothesis tells us that __

Answer 32

info about where something is is always present in visual info processing and how we can situate ourselves to grasp the object

Question 33

describe approaches in which perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye

Answer 33

bottom-up theories

Question 34

perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations that influence perception

Answer 34

top-down theories

Question 35

bottom-up theories

Answer 35

- direct perception - template theories - feature-matching theories - recognition-by-components theory

Question 36

gibson's theory of direct perception tells us that

Answer 36

info in sensory receptors and sensory context is all we need to perceive anything. no higher cognitive processing needed

Question 37

according to gibson, we use texture gradients as cues for

Answer 37

depth and distance

Question 38

mirror neurons start firing __ after a visual stimulus

Answer 38

30-100 ms

Question 39

to recognize the incoming stimuli, you compare to templates in memory until a match is found

Answer 39

template theories

Question 40

weakness of template theory

Answer 40

struggles to explain how we recognize variations of the same object

Question 41

we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory

Answer 41

feature-matching theories

Question 42

brain cells that respond to specific features such as lines and angles are referred to as __

Answer 42

feature detectors

Question 43

4 kinds of demons in the pandemonium model

Answer 43

image demons, feature demons, cognitive demons, decision demons

Question 44

we quickly recognized objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into geometric shapes called geons

Answer 44

recognition-by-components theory

Question 45

simply seeing a specific edge or geometric shape (geon) of an object allows us to recognize it, even if the full object is

Answer 45

not visible

Question 46

the perceiver builds a cognitive understanding of a stimulus

Answer 46

constructive perception

Question 47

influences of the surrounding environment on perception

Answer 47

context effects

Question 48

objects presented in context are easier to recognize than objects presented alone

Answer 48

configural-superiority effect

Question 49

the individual stores the way the object looks to him or her

Answer 49

viewer-centered representation

Question 50

the individual stores a representation of the object, independent of its appearance to the viewer

Answer 50

object-centered representation

Question 51

information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item

Answer 51

landmark-centered representation

Question 52

the overarching law of the gestalt approach where individuals organize their experience in as simple, concise, symmetrical, and complete manner as possible

Answer 52

law of pragnanz

Question 53

organize perceptions by distinguishing between a figure and a background

Answer 53

figure-ground

Question 54

elements tend to be grouped together according to their nearness

Answer 54

proximity

Question 55

items similar in some respect tend to be grouped together

Answer 55

similarity

Question 56

perceive smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disrupted/continuous ones

Answer 56

continuity

Question 57

perceptually close up, or complete objects that are not in fact complete

Answer 57

closure

Question 58

prefer to perceive objects as mirror images

Answer 58

symmetry