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intro Flashcards

1
Q

created first vaccination for small pox

A

jenner

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2
Q

Pasteurization and sterilization

A

pasteur

-idea of attenuation: taking something and manipulate it to be non pathogenic

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3
Q

idea of antitoxins
passive immunity
came up with antibody

A

behring

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4
Q

came up with compliment

A

buckner

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5
Q

who called it complement because of Ab/ag response

A

erlich

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6
Q

Found the ABO blood groups (A,B and O)

A

Landsteiner

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7
Q

First scientist to work with tissue transplantation

A

Medowar

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8
Q

Idea of phagocytic cells whose main role is to eat off foreign antigens

A

Metchnikff

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9
Q

clonal selection

A

burnet

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10
Q

organism that creates disease

A

pathogen

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11
Q

something that can react with components of immune system but may not always have capabilities to trigger immune response

A

antigen

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12
Q

capable of eliciting an immune response

A

immunogen

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13
Q

protein manufactured in response to antigenic challenge

A

antibody

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14
Q

how capable they are of producing immune response or deflecting response

A

virulence

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15
Q

directed migration in response to chemical response

A

chemotaxis

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16
Q

process that allows strict adherences or binding of 2 components together to make it easier for phagocytosis

A

opsonization

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17
Q

natural killer

A

-targeted for surveillance
-don’t need prior antigenic response
-effectiveness wans with age

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18
Q

innate

A

○ Innate: response your born with
○ Simpler
○ Doesn’t mature or grow
○ First response to antigenic challenge

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19
Q

acquired/specific

A

○ More complex
○ Targeted to specific pathogen
○ Develop with age, as we are introduced to more antigens
○ More specific person to person

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20
Q

factors affect body ability to defend

A

-age
-nutriton
-stress
-gender (female more prone to autoimmune disease bc loss of hormones)

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21
Q

components of innate system

A

physical barriers- skin
secretions- flush things out
normal flora- barrier against opportunistic
interferon-make coating around non-viral infected cells
fever- increase in temp kills off bacteria

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22
Q

what allows phagocytic cells to become more phagocytic

A

fever

-allowed to elicit interlukin 1
-wakes up T cells and macrophages

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23
Q

phagocytosis- initiation

A

-Neutrophils and phagocytic cells are alerted that there is a breach in the system

increase cell surface markers that are receptors for antibodies/pathogen

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24
Q

phagocytosis- chemotaxis

A

all WBC go to certain area
-direct chemical migration
-antibodies, complement travel

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25
phagocytosis- engulfment
surrounding of invader by phagocytic cells -create phagolysosomes
26
phagocytosis-- digestion
Phagocytic cells will digest and/or process antigen
27
classic signs of inflammation
pain, redness, heat, swelling
28
what responses work together for inflammation
vascular and cellular
29
vascular response
1) Dilation of blood vessels (hyperemia)- increase blood flow 2) Creating edema event i. May form an exudate (increased protein and damage to barrier) 3) Fibrinogen to fibrin (block off infection)
30
cellular response
1) Neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphs 2) Start with pavementing: all WBC lining up against endothelial tissue i. Squeeze between and allow WBC to penetrate the bloodstream through: diapedesis
31
diapedesis
Squeeze between and allow WBC to penetrate the bloodstream through
32
acquired immunity
specificity and memory -memory due to memory cells by B and T cells
33
active immunity naturally acquired
get sick and get antigen (memory)
34
active immunity artificially acquired
vaccines; heat killed (memory)
35
passive immunity naturally acquired
mother IgG antibody passed to body (wait 6 months)
36
passive immunity artificially acquired
RhoGAM, anti-toxin, gamma globulin shot
37
passive immunity is immediate protection but
not life long -last as long as antibody lives
38
3 characteristics of acquired immunity
* Specificity, memory(anamnestic), heterogeneity (ability to produce response varied components of an invader)
39
humoral
ruled by B cells; antibodies -used to fight extracellular pathogens and viruses before becoming intracellular
40
cell mediated
ruled by T cells -need interaction of 2 different cells -used for intracellular pathogens, transplants, and cancer cells
41
Reactions in response to antigen to acquired immunity
* Ab production * Cell mediated response * Memory * Unresponsiveness - seen when presented with too little antigen (carrier state) Also seen when overstimulated
42
burnet theory of clonal selection
○ Every lymph we produce before it comes in contact with antigen has it owns unique receptors on the cell -When lymph encounters antigen it will determine if antigen is self or non- self through toll like receptors
43
toll like receptors
series of protein receptors that we lack but are found on different varying immunogens -signal to lymphs if invading pathogen -lymph can clone itself and make antibody if needed
44
Pathogen- Associated Molecular pattern (PAMPs)
Recognizes pattern recognition receptors; are like toll like receptors
45
early in lymph development self antigens are shown to immune system and if we react too strongly
we destroy
46
immune system is made up of
RES- reticular endothelial system -framework of different cellular components and body fluid that all work together to create a response
47
what fraction of blood samples is cellular components
40%
48
progenitor for cells
stem cells -develop in fetal yolk sac -pluripotent-differentiate into any cell
49
2 progenitor lines
myeloid- neutrophils, granulocytes,etc lymphoid- lymphs
50
granulocytes consist of
neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils -produced in bone marrow -contain granules
51
seen in pavementing and diapedesis
neutrophils
52
where eos seen
parasite and allergies
53
where eos increased in parasite and allergies?
Can be platelet activating factors and allows to clot and prevent drowning (anaphylactic shock) chemicals can bring body back to homeostasis
54
where baso found
blood stream -increased in allergic rxns -attach to IgE and cause release of pharm logical agents (ex.histamine) and create symptoms of allergic rxn
55
mast cell is found
tissue
56
agranulocytes
monocytes -in blood macrophages -in tissue -both phagocytic
57
what do agranulocytes do
release interleukins to activate T cells
58
good pyrons release
monokines -send signals to hypothalamus to turn up the temp
59
big fever inducing cells
macrophages -important in APC
60
platelets also known as
thrombocytes -role in hemostasis
61
dendritic cell
most powerful APC in tissue
62
lymphoid line
lymphs t-cell b-cell
63
cytotoxic t cell
main player in cell mediated immune response
64
ex of delayed hypersensitivity in cell mediated immune response
PPD vaccine TB
65
t regulatory cells
stop the immune reaction
66
natural killer cells
no antigen presentation to kill -no memory -Lose ability to naturally kill as people get older
67
3 functions of lymphs
○ Recognizes and receives foreign antigens ○ Produce antibodies ○ Release lymphokines
68
lymphs originate from a
stem cell -travel from fetal yolk sac to spleen and bone marrow -from bone marrow to thymus
69
where does proliferation, differentiation, maturation of a lymph occur
lymphatic organs
70
lymphatic organs divided into
primary and secondary organs
71
primary organs
where maturation of T and B cells into antigen recognizing units occur
72
secondary organs
antigen driven proliferation and differentiation occur
73
thymus
first primary organ to fully develop in embryo -reaches full size by puberty -atrophy by age 50
74
taking out thymus in young person will have what effect
bad affects in the development on their immune system
75
Taking out thymus in over age 50 will have what effect
little affect on immune response
76
once thymus atrophies what takes over
bone marrow -bone marrow not as efficient as thymus is for proliferation and differentiation of t cells
77
what organs can house large numbers of immature t cells that can mature into functioning t cells
secondary lymphoid organs
78
structure of thymus
large number of epi cells organize into cortex and medulla areas -both areas have large areas of thymocytes -cortex also has thymocytes
79
what is thymocyte
baby t cell
80
epi cell function
-introduce developing t cells to self Ag -secrete regulatory molecules that aid in further differentiation into t cells
81
after t. cells gain markers in cortex move where
medulla and encounter more macrophages and dendritic cells
82
of all thymocytes produced only 5% will
leave the thymus , rest are destroyed
83
t cells will travel to
secondary lymphoid organs -composed of 60-65% lymphoid organs
84
primary organ for b cell maturation
bone marrow
85
bursa of fabricius
see B cell development (in chicken)
86
secondary lymphoid organs structures where
antigen driven lymphs will undergo differentiation and division -effective in trapping and concentrating foreign antibodies -main site of antibody production and generation of antigen specific t cells
87
lymphs that travel to secondary organs =
circulating pool of lymphs
88
Why is it a concern for cancer traveling to lymph nodes?
○ Lymph nodes are travelers, get into blood stream and can travel to different organs
89
secondary organs
spleen and lymph node
90
minor secondary organs
tonsils, appendix, payer's patches, MALT, GALT
91
largest of secondary organs
spleen -Most effective organ in trapping and concentrating blood borne pathogens
92
circulatory passes through spleen
4 times a day
93
red pulp
destroy old RBC's
94
white pulp
lymphoid tissue is found -consist of periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) rich in t cells primary follicles -b cells -germinal center will contain a large number of antibody producing b cells known as plasma cells
95
in spleen prominant cell is
b cells
96
lymph nodes found
joints, neck, axillary, groin range 1-25 mL come into node via afferent lymphatic vessels
97
in lymph node interact with
T cells, b cells, and macrophages
98
what leaves via efferent lymphatic vessels
lymphs and t cells
99
subcapsular sinus
-lined with macrophages -Lots of phagocytosis and antigen processing
100
cortex
contains large number of resting b cells -these haven't been exposed to antigen yet
101
in cortex area
primary follicles with germinal centers - Antigen stimulated b cells produce antibodies
102
paracortex area
t cells are found
103
medulla
mixture of t and b cells
104
When foreign antigen comes in afferent lymphatic
* Takes 18 hours to be processed, presented, and have a response * Blood flow to lymph nodes becomes much slower * Lymph nodes will become larger

immuno (5 decks)

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