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antigens Flashcards

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1
Q

allergen

A

specialized class of immunogen

-gives response to IgE or IgA

-evokes different type of immune response

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2
Q

Structure of reactivity

A

any molecules that illicit an immune response are typically 3D structure (Tertiary or quaternary )

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3
Q

epitope

A

we react against this
-processed component of the antigen
-fits into corresponding lock and key

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4
Q

of epitopes=

A

valence of reactivity

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5
Q

epitope part either

A

antibody hooks into or t cell will respond to

-5-7 amino acids long

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6
Q

epitope can either be

A
  • Continuous linear or discontinuous conformational epitope
    ○ Discontinuous would have to fold for reaction
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7
Q

Almost all major molecule we react against

A

complex molecules

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8
Q

epitopes can be altered by

A

chemical or physical needs

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9
Q

exogenous

A

comes into the body from the outside
-bacteria, pollen, drugs

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10
Q

endogenous

A

antigen found inside a person

-Should not cause a reaction in the immune system
-Does happen: autoimmunity

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11
Q

autologous

A

-of self
in reality should be non immunogenic
ex. skin graft

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12
Q

allogenic

A

within the same species; but will differ

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13
Q

heterologous antigen

A

-phenomenon where exposure to one antigen can alter a response to a different or unrelated antigen or

-can trigger a response to something completely unrelated to original pathogen

ex. cross reactivty

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14
Q

size for antigen

A

bigger the better
10,000 daltons or larger make it immunogenic

-insulin is exception (5,000)

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15
Q

hapten

A

lower molecule weight compound that is not immunogenic of itself

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16
Q

When hapten attached to carrier protein that is larger in size

A

now large enough to induce an immune response

-can produce immune response against hapten, carrier molecule, bridge between

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17
Q

more foreign=

A

create a good immune response

-why we try to MHC match antigens

-eye transplant will not create a response

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18
Q

accessibility has to do with

A

epitopes

-if immuno system can’t get to epitope doesn’t allow macrophage to get to it

-needs to be able to see

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19
Q

immunodominance

A

part of epitope that is stronger immunogenic dominant is what is more seen by the immuno system

-ex: protein

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20
Q

depending on how the antigen is introduced into body can dictate whether

A

it will be a good immunogen

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21
Q

IV route

A

good for larger antigens

-also one of the most deadly routes because response is rapid

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22
Q

IM route

A

fairly good route but needs to have repeated doses to mount long term response

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23
Q

intracutaneous route

A

strong cellular; t cell response than b cell

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24
Q

respiratory route

A

can create a strong response based on dose

-not good for every antigen can be sneezed, etc, out

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25
low doses of introduction to antigen can cause
someone in carrier state -not good enough response to clear
26
moderate dose
what you want for highest immune response
27
very high dose in short period of time
put body into immune paralysis -so overwhelmed
28
adjuvants
used to enhance an immune response -vaccines -conjunction with immunogen
29
adjuvants can allow
dose of immunogen to be lowered -decrease any serious side effects
30
what does adjuvants do?
-prolong an antigen at one site -call forth more macrophages to help process it better -initiate stronger phagocytic and inflammatory responses
31
adjuvants made of
aluminum byproduct or plant sterols
32
first adjuvants used in
research to study reaction to MTB in humans -killed mycobacterium -fred's adjuvants
33
antibody production is
humoral
34
antibody makes up ____ of total protein levels
20% -found in gamma region
35
2 main features of antibody response
protection biological activity
36
B cells can secrete 2 forms of antibodies
* Cell surface/membrane bound antibody -Blood antibodies
37
antibody are composed of
2 heavy chain 2 light chains
38
heavy chains dictate if we have
IgM IgG attached via disulfide bond
39
light chains are
kappa and lambda will never have both, one or the other may or not be attached the heavy chains
40
hinge region
occurs in constant region 1 to 2 made of proline
41
carboxyl end
constant 3 region
42
variable vh (variable heavy)
§ At antigen binding sites or amino terminal ends § Amino acid sequence makes it variable § Also every antibody to react with a certain antigen
43
constant 1
most flexible
44
constant 2
where complement binds
45
constant 3
□ Find attachment of antibodies to macrophages □ Most important component in placental transfer of antibody
46
most abundant antibody
IgG monomer
47
IgG half life
23-25 days
48
IgG can be moved
intravascular and extravascular spaces
49
IgG subclasses determined by
amount of disulfide bonds
50
IgG makes the best
anti toxins good neutralizer of toxins given as passive immunity
51
IgG activates complement via
classical pathway
52
IgG is a good
agglutinate and precipitator -opsonizing
53
why is IgG important in blood bank
-react at body temp -incomplete antibody in vitro (add AHG) -zeta potential on RBC moves them apart, IgG not large enough to bridge so AHG bridges gap
54
found in secretions
IgA -preventing allergic reactions
55
2nd most abundant of immunoglobulins
IgA 200 mg/dL
56
structure of IgA
dimer -2 antibody molecules that are attached together by joining chain
57
IgA present in body where
gastric secretions at pH of 4 IgA can survive because of secretory protein -when protrudes from plasma cell and piece of protein from b cell breaks off with it (provides protection)
58
main IgA is found in
breast milk
59
how does IgA initiate complement
alternate pathway; aggregates of IgA -don't want IgA to initiate classical pathway because we don't want inflammation in mucosal areas
60
largest of all Ig
IgM -pentamer- found only intravascular; joined via joining chain
61
con of IgM
100 -shorted lived of all Ig
62
what type of reacting is IgM
cold reacting antibody -- not body temp resolve by warming
63
IgM overproliferation called
Waldenström macroglobinemia -cause serum to be gel like -plasma pheresis as treatment - remove IgM from serum to have normal blood flow
64
IgM referred to as
complete antibody for invitro reactions -expand the bridge makes it a great agglutinate and preceptor
65
what is IgM first made in babies
most antigen binding site
66
IgM initiate complement via
classical pathway
67
IgM exists as a monomer
early stages of b cell development -does not create immunity but releases cytokines for b cell to continue to mature
68
IgD concentration
0-6
69
IgD present where
surface of developing b cells
70
IgD functions
-elicit cytokines to allow b cells to mature -plays a role in class switching no protective immunity -can't attach to macrophages or neutrophils in autoimmune increase
71
IgE increased when
* Increased in hypersensitivity (type 1) and parasitic infections -in order to have allergic reaction you need
72
in IgE, Fc portion will
attach to mast cells and basophils without attachment those cells will not release pharm logical substances
73
IgE concentration in adult
0 -can measure allergen specific and total allergen -increase in Eos also
74
affinity
strength of a non covalent bond that forms between a single combining site on an antibody and single epitope -higher complex molecules for binding to molecule -1st initial reaction
75
avidity
strength of the bonds that form between multivalent antigen and a multivalent antibody -total strength between the 2 -comes 2nd
76
first time the body sees an antigen
primary reaction
77
before seeing an increase in antibody production; introduction
lag period
78
best time to measure an antibody response
log period
79
number of antibodies created versus dying are equal
Stationary period
80
antibody numbers are decreasing
death period
81
IgG 4 fold rise in titer indicates
acute infection very high titers of igG and symptoms of disease are diagnostic
82
disadvantage of rise in titer
draw 2 separate times, no one wants to come back
83
In secondary response (anamnestic response)
we will see greater amount of IgG and IgM due to memory cells -amount of antigen needed is much lower than what is needed for primary
84
Isotypic variant
Variant in the heavy chain
85
Allotypic variant
-every person has genetic different Ig antibodies, but not different enough to create immune response -sit around C2 region, doesn't alter function
86
Idiotypic Differences
Differences in the variability region -- gives it specificity
87
By cleaving the antibody molecule with 2 different enzymes could determine
functions of different parts of antibody molecule
88
what 2 enzymes used
papain and pepsin
89
papin would cleave
above disulfide bonds -left with 1 intact Fc portion -2 Fab units
90
Fab
fragment of antigen binding
91
Fc
fragment crystallizable
92
papin cleavage
-when in tact still cross placenta -C2 in tact, complement can bind -fc can not attach antigen -fab units still capable of attaching to antigen, but can't be involved in agglutinate or precip (no cross placenta)
93
pepsin cleavage
below disulfide bonds -2 Fc portions unattached these crystallize and dissolve -(fab)2 can bind, but won't cross the placenta and not activate complement
94
As b cell mature, programmed to develop into
certain antibodies -when exposed to specific antigen and b cells can switch and produce another type of antibody
95
class switching can't be done without interaction of
t helper cells and other cytokines expressed by macrophages and epi cells
96
code for RNA transcription changes to allow for different classes to be made
cytokines
97
Sometimes where antigen is introduced can illicit a
class switching phenomenon ○ Ex. Large enough of antigen being introduced into respiratory system need IgA, body can produce more if needed

immuno (6 decks)

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