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Intro Flashcards

1
Q

gestational age

A

37-42 weeks is considered full term

Germination period

Embryonic period

Fetal period: 8 weeks to term “fetus”

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2
Q

neonate/newborn=

A

first couple weeks

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3
Q

infant =

A

to 12 months

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4
Q

APGAR score

A

10 point scale
Given at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
Most babies don’t have a 10 right away, anything >7 is good

Heart Rate:
0= absent
1= < 100
2= > 100

Resp Rate:
0= absent
1= slow & irregular
2= good, crying

Muscle Tone:
0= limp
1= some flexion & ext
2= active movement

Reflex Irritability:
0= no response
1= grimace
2= cough or sneeze

Color:
0= blue
1= pink, blue extremities
2= pink

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5
Q

Reflexes are ____ at birth

A

present at birth and are integrated

develop to assist the child

primitive reflexes at birth, over time become integrated (increased myelination, increased strength and weight, exposure to different positions and increased stimulation)

protective response reflex later develop as infant grows

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6
Q

what are 2 feeding reflexes?

A

1- rooting reflex

2- sucking reflex

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7
Q

what is the rooting reflex?

A

touch to cheek results in turning head to same side with mouth open

disappears usually by 3 months

interferes with oral motor development, development of midline control of head, optical righting, visual tracking and social interaction

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8
Q

what is the sucking reflex?

A

touch to lips, tongue, palate results in automatic sucking

follows the rooting and allows the infant to take in food

disappears by 6 months

interferes with progression of oral motor foods and solid intake

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9
Q

what is the moro reflex?

A

head drop into/ suddenly results in arm abduction then adduction

disappears by 5 months

interferes with balance reactions and protective responses in sitting, eye-hand coordination, visual tracking

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10
Q

what is the startle reflex?

A

loud, sudden noise results in Moro response with elbows flexed and hands closed

disappears by 5 months

interferes as Moro and also social interaction and attention

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11
Q

what are 2 grasping reflexes?

A

1- palmar grasp

2- plantar grasp

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12
Q

what is the palmer grasp reflex?

A

pressure in infant’s palm results in strong fist and grip then a slow release

disappears by 4 months

interferes with ability to grasp and release objects voluntarily, weight bear on open hand

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13
Q

what is the plantar grasp reflex?

A

pressure to base of toes results in toe flexion

disappears by 9 months

interferes with ability to stand with flat feet, balance reactions and weight shifting in standing

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14
Q

what are 3 attitudinal reflexes?

A

1- Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

2- Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)

3- Tonic labyinthine reflex

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15
Q

what is ATNR?

A

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

head turned to 1 side results in arm & leg extension on face side and flexion on scalp side

disappears by 6 months

interferes with feeding, tracking, midline use of hands, B hand use, rolling, crawling, and can lead to skeletal deformities

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16
Q

what is STNR?

A

Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

neck flexion produces UE flexion and LE extension

neck extension produces UE / and LE flexion

normal age from 6-8 months

interferes with POE (prone on elbows), quad, crawling, sitting balance looking and use of hands in this position

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17
Q

what is TLR?

A

tonic labyrinthine reflex

in supine, body and extremities are in extension and in prone they are in flexion

disappears by 6 months

interferes with ability to initiate rolling, POE, supine to sit, balance in sitting or standing

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18
Q

what are 4 protective extension reflexes?

A

1- parachute response

2- forward sitting

3- sideways sitting

4- backwards sitting

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19
Q

what is the parachute response?

A

quick displacement of trunk downward with child suspended in prone at 45 degrees results in arm extension

present at 4 months

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20
Q

what is protective extension in forward sitting?

A

push child forward in siting and arms should extend to catch weight

present in 6-7 months

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21
Q

what is protective extension in sideways sitting?

A

displace trunk to each side and should extend arms to same side to catch weight

present at 6-7 months

22
Q

what is protective extension in backwards sitting?

A

pull child backwards and should response with arm extension to support weight

present at 9-12 months

23
Q

what are 2 upright reflexes?

A

1- positive standing reflex

2- walking reflex/stepping reflex

24
Q

what is the positive standing reflex?

A

when weight placed on balls of feet child stiffens legs and trunk into extension

disappears at 2 months

interferences with standing, walking, weight shift in standing, plantar flexor contracture

25
what is the walking reflex/stepping reflex?
supported upright on soles of feet results in flexion and extension of LEs disappears at 2 months interferes with standing, walking, balance reactions, weight shift standing, development of smooth coordinated reciprocal LE movements
26
dynamical systems (Thelen- 1990's) What is the View on "stages"?
apparent stages of development are actually states of relative stability arising from the self-organizing, emergent properties of a multitude of systems, each developing at its own continuous rate
27
dynamical systems (Thelen- 1990's) What is the driving force for development?
The individual develops as the organism recognizes the affordances of the environment and selects (self-organizes) the more appropriate available responses to tasks
28
Dynamical Systems (Thelen- 1990's) what are the building blocks of development?
multiple cooperating systems with individual rates of development and self-motivated exploration of the environment
29
what are the Dynamic Systems Theory of Motor Control?
1- pattern generation of the coordinative structures leading to reciprocal LE activity, consisting primarily of alternative flexor muscle activation 2- development of reciprocal muscle activity of flexor and extensor muscles 3- strength of extensor muscles needed for opposing the force of gravity 4- changes in body size and composition 5- antigravity control of upright posture of the head and trunk 6- appropriate decoupling of the tight synchronization of characteristics of early reciprocal LE movements, such that the knee moves out of phase with the hip and ankle 7- visual flow sensitivity required to maintain posture while moving through the environment 8- ability to recognize the requirements of the task and be motivated to move toward a goal
30
what are factors for motor development?
CNS maturation (cognition/motivation) musculoskeletal changes (body size) cardiorespiratory changes environment-- opportunity to practice
31
what is the relationship between development and motor skills?
``` cephalo> caudal GM>FM proximal>distal stability >mobility flexibility > mobility ``` development is "stage like" with fluctuating between them sensitive periods
32
what is the developmental sequence?
wide variety of normal a typical baby progresses to the next skill before mastering the previous one
33
gross and fine motor skills at 1 y/o:
13-15 months: GROSS: high kneel, walking I, creep up stairs FINE: place peg board, circle in puzzle, release raisin, scribble 16-18 months: GROSS: rise to stand, walk up and down stairs with HHA1 FINE: separate pop bead 19-21months: GROSS: kick a ball, sidestep FINE: build 5 block tower, turn pages of cardboard book, 3 piece puzzle 22-24 months: GROSS: throw a tennis ball, jump up, walk up stairs1 FINE: 6 blocks, imitate vertical stroke
34
gross and fine motor skills at 2 y/o:
GROSS: 25-27 months: walk down stairs I 28-30 months: walk on tip toes, few alt steps on beam/line 31-33 months: SLS 3 sec, jump fwd 2 ft 34-36 months: catches a ball, rides tricycle, walks with heel-toe gait, narrow BOS, reciprocal arm swing FINE: 25-28 months: snips w/ scissors, imitates horizontal stroke, circular scribble, strings 2 beads 29-30 months: 4 block train, 10 block tower 31-36 months: block designs, copies a circle, show hand preference
35
the 3 y/o child:
``` alternates get when ascending stairs rides a tricycle hop briefly feeds themselves hold cup with one hand toilet trained behaviors vary ```
36
the 4 y/o child:
``` walks down stairs alternating feet catch ball with hands only roller skate/ride bike enjoys athletic activities button large buttons lace shoelaces dress I self-confident ```
37
the 5 y/o child:
``` skip jump fwd 2 ft climb well jump rope acrobatics play blocks enjoy helping at home ```
38
the 6 y/o child:
constantly moving | awkwardness with motor skills
39
self-care development:
14 months: finger foods 15 months: use of spoon signs of concern: - coughing/choking during or after eating - change in vocal quality - loss of food/liquid from mouth - food remains in mouth after swallow - difficulty transitioning between food stages
40
speech development at 6 months?
localize sounds
41
speech development at 12 months?
ID common objects and produce single words
42
speech development at 18 months?
20 words
43
speech development at 2 years?
should understand 25-50% 50 words
44
speech development at 3 years?
should understand 75%
45
cognition development at 12 months?
object permanence
46
cognition development at 15 months?
imitate body action on a doll
47
cognition development at 27 months?
match two sets of objects by item; imitate a model from memory
48
cognition development at 31 months?
match 2 sets of objects by color
49
social/emotional/play skills: 4 months: 12 months: 24 months:
4 months: smiling 12 months: performing for social attention 24 months: imitating actions/movements/pretend play
50
what are signs of concern for social/emotional/play skill development?
no contact with peers/adults fixating on toys that spin not demonstrating appropriate play with toys overly upset with change or transitions significant difficulty attending to tasks

Pediatrics (11 decks)

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