Intro

Question 1

The Nervous System

Answer 1

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems; provides and interprets sensory information and internal and external conditions

BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
PERIPHERAL NERVES

Question 2

The Endocrine System

Answer 2

Directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems

PINEAL GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
PARATHYROID GLAND
THYMUS
THYROID GLAND
ADRENAL GLAND
PANCREAS
OVARY/ TESTES

Question 3

The Cardiovascular System

Answer 3

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide

HEART
CAPILLARIES
ARTERY VEIN

Question 4

The Lymphatic System

Answer 4

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Question 5

The Respiratory System

Answer 5

Delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and bloodstream; produces sounds for communications

NASAL CAVITY
SINUS
LARYNX
PHARYNX
TRACHEA
LUNG
BRONCHI
DIAPHRAGM

Question 7

The Digestive System

Answer 7

Processed food and absorbs nutrients

SALIVARY GLANDS
MOUTH TEETH AND TONGUE
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
LIVER
GALLBLADDER
STOMACH
PANCREAS
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
ANUS

Question 8

The Urinary System

Answer 8

Eliminates waste products from the blood; controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced

KIDNEY
URETER
URINARY BLADDER
URETHRA

Question 9

The Male Reproductive System

Answer 9

Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones

PROSTATE GLAND
SEMINAL GLAND
DUCTUS DEFERENS
URETHRA
EPIDIDYMIS
TESTIS PENIS
SCROTUM

Question 11

The Female Reproductive System

Answer 11

Produces female sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilisation to birth

MAMMARY GLAND
UTERINE TUBE
OVARY
UTERUS
VAGINA
EXTERNAL GENITALIA

Question 12

How do organs relate to function?
Integumentary system…

Answer 12

Need an external covering of the body
Excretes salts and urea in respiration
Regulates body temp
Temp, pressure and pain receptors located in the skin

Question 14

Skeletal system and muscular system - support and movement

Answer 14

Skeletal system: bones cartilage and ligaments and joints

Supports the body and provides a framework, it is where hematopoeisis occurs and stores of minerals

Muscular system: muscles

Provide movement, posture and body heat

Protection and support for other tissue

Question 15

Transport

Answer 15

Cardiovascular system: heart blood vessels blood

Carries oxygen nutrients hormones and removes waste

The heart acts as a blood pump

Lymphatic system: Lymphatic vessels, spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes:

Cleanses the blood and houses immune cells
Retunes leaked fluid back to blood

Question 16

Absorption and Excretion

Answer 16

Digestive system: mouth, oesophagus, stomach intestines and accessory organs

Break down food
Absorbing nutrients and water into blood stream
I digested materials leave the body as feces

Respiratory system:
Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree and lungs:
Gas exchange
Produce sound

Urinary Systems: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra:
Removes wastes from blood and excrete them out of the body
Water, Electrolyte and acid base balance

Question 20

Integration and Coordination

Answer 20

Nervous system: brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves:

Recieves information from the external environment

Process, analyse and integrate the information

Produce an appropriate response by activating different affecters

Endocrine System: all of endocrine glands

Produce chemicals called hormones that regulate various body functions

Question 21

Reproduction

Answer 21

Reproductive systems produce off spring.

The male reproductive system costs of the testes, accessory organs, and vessels that conduct sperm to penis

The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia

The female reproductive system also houses the developing offspring

Question 22

Gastrulation

Answer 22

Developmental process in which an embryo changes from
a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells into a multi-
layered and multidimensional structure – the gastrula

Question 23

Totipotent

Answer 23

capacity to give rise to all cells of an
organism including embryonic and extraembryonic
tissues Eg: zygotes

Question 24

Pluripotent

Answer 24

capacity to give rise to all cells of
embryo Eg: ICM, ESC

Question 25

Multipotent

Answer 25

capacity to give rise to different cell types of a given cell lineage Eg: adult stem cells (MSC)

Question 26

Unipotent

Answer 26

capacity to sustain only one cell type or cell lineage. Eg: testis stem cells, committed progenitors (erythroblasts)

Question 27

Inner cell mass

Answer 27

Cells of the blastocyst embryo that appear transiently during development and give rise to the three germ layers of the developing embryo

Question 28

Adult stem cells: mesenchymal stem cells

Answer 28

Heterogeneous population of cells that proliferate in vitro as plastic- adherent cells, have fibroblast-like morphology, from colonies in vitro and can differentiate into bone, cartilage and fat cells

Question 29

Anatomical Positions

Answer 29

hands on the side Palms facing forward Feet together

Question 30

Anatomical Terminology

Answer 30

* Anterior/Ventral: Towards the front * Posterior/Dorsal: Towards the back * Cranial: Towards the head * Caudal: Towards the base spine (coccyx) * Superior: At a higher level * Inferior: At a lower level Lateral: Away from the midline * Medial: Towards the midline * Proximal: Closer to trunk (main body) * Distal: Far away from the trunk

Question 31

Anatomical Plane

Answer 31

Lateral: Away from the midline * Medial: Towards the midline * Proximal: Closer to trunk (main body) * Distal: Far away from the trunk

Question 32

Body Cavities

Answer 32

* A body cavity is a fluid-filled space that holds and protects organs * The two largest cavities in the human body are the ventral and dorsal cavities * These two cavities are divided into smaller cavities * Ventral Cavity allows for changes in size and shape (lungs, stomach and uterus expand), without distorting or disturbing surrounding organs

Question 33

Radiography

Answer 33

* Cheap, quick, simple… * X-rays do not easily pass through dense structures: ✓Bones/teeth appear white ✓Hollow structures (lungs) appear black ✓Medium density (skin, fat, muscle) will appear grey

Question 34

Ultrasound

Answer 34

* High-frequency sounds waves reflect off body tissues and are detected by wand-like instrument * Known as ‘sonogram’ * Safe, non-invasive, painless and no dyes * Most commonly used to visualise the fetus during pregnancy * Can be used to observe the size, location and actions of organs and blood flow through blood vessels (Doppler ultrasound)

Question 35

CT/CAT Scan

Answer 35

* Visualises soft tissues and organs with much more detail than radiographs (X- rays) * Differing tissue densities show up as varying shades of grey * Indication: Most benefit in screen for lung cancers, coronary artery disease and kidney cancers

Question 36

MRI

Answer 36

* The body is exposed to a high- energy magnetic field * Safe, but can not be used on patients with metal in their bodies (magnet!) * Shows fine details for soft tissues but not for bones * Very useful for differentiating between normal and abnormal tissues * Used to detect tumours and artery- clogging fatty plaques, brain abnormalities etc

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

▪ The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment. ▪ It’s a dynamic state of equilibrium. ▪ Homeostasis controls all aspects of the internal environment. ▪ It is achieved by:  Receptors  Control center (Set point)  Effectors

Question 38

Feedback mechanisms

Answer 38

Normal set point is different from a person to another. Negative feedback: A process that moves a condition to the normal level correcting the stimulus. Positive Feed back: a process that moves a condition away from the normal level reinforcing the stimulus.