Skeletal and Integumentary system Flashcards
(15 cards)
Outline the skeletal system
Bones
Joints
Fractures
Outline the integumentary system
Skin
Wound healing
What is gastrulation?
Gastrulation is one of the stages of early embryonic development through which the laminar germination disc is formed, a structure with 3 differentiated embryonic layers that will give rise to all the organs and tissues of the embryo
Gastrulation is the process by which embryonic tissue (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm is formed)
It is the beginning of morphogenesis (development of body form)
Most significant event occurring during the third week
During this week, the embryo is referred to as a gastrula
What happens during gastrulation?
Cells move to new positions. I navigation to form endonderm in this non yolky egg is illustrated. The archenteron or first gut, remains connected to the exterior via the blastopore. Mesenchyme cells assist with gastrulation and will also from the temporary Latvel Skeleton
Outline the process of gastrulation
Gastrulation begins when cells in the region of the gray crescent move inward, forming the dorsal lip of the future blastopore
Cells of the animal pore spread out, pushing surface cells below them toward and across the dorsal lip. These cells move into the interior of the embryo, where they form the endoderm and mesoderm
The archenteron expands, destroying the blastocoel. The blastopore lip forms a circle, with cells moving to the interior all around the blastopore; the yolk plug is visible through the blastopore
Skeletal system
Bone is calcified, living, connective tissue that forms majority of the skeleton
> it consists of calcified matrix, which also contains collagen fibres and several types of cells within the matrix
Tissues found in bone: bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue
Functions of Bones
Supporting and protecting softer tissues and vital organs
Attachment points for muscles
Housing blood producing cells
Storing inorganic salts
What are the 2 subgroups the skeleton can be divided into
Axial skeleton:
>skull
>thoracic cage- ribs / sternum
> vertebral column
Appendicular Skeleton:
>upper limbs
> pelvic girdle
>lower limbs
Break down the vertebral column
Cervical Vertebrae
>7
Thoracic Vertebrae
>12
Lumbar Vertebrae
>5
Sacral
>4/5 fused segments, sacrum is fused bone
Coccygeal
> 3/4 fused segments, coccyx is fused bone tt
Vetrebral column breakdown
Cervical Vertebrae
>7
Thoracic Vertebrae
>12
Lumbar Vertebrae
>5
Sacral
>4/5 fused segments, sacrum is fused bone
Coccygeal
> 3/4 fused segments, coccyx is fused bone Ty
Thoracic cage
Humans have 12 pairs of ribs
True Ribe (7)
False ribs (5)
> of which (2) are floating
The upper limb
A humans upper limb consists of 30 bones
Breakdown:
The shoulder girdle, 2 bones: clavicle and scapula
Upper arm: 1 bone (humans)
Forearm: 2 bones (radius and ulna)
Wrist (carpal bones): 8 bones
Hand (metacarpal bones): 5 bones
Fingers (phalanges): 14 bones
Pelvic bones
Consists of 4 bones in total:
Sacrum
Coccyx
2 hip bones ( which are each made up of the ileum, ischium, and pubis, but considered one bone each when discussing the pelvis as a whole)
Hip bones: each hip bone is made up of three fused bones:
The illeum. ischium. Pubis
Sacrum: a single bone formed by the fusion of several sacral vertebrae
Coccyx: also known as the tailbone, this is another single bone made up of fused vertebrae
Lower limb breakdown
The lower limb is divided into 3 regions , the thigh, leg and the foot, has 30 bones
Femur: the single bone in the thigh
Patella: the Kneecap, which articulates with the distal femur
Tibia: the larger, weight bearing bone on the medial side of the leg
Fibula: the thinner bone on the lateral side of the leg
Tarsal Bones: 7 bones that form the posterior portion of the foot
metatarsal bones: 5 elongated bones that form the mid foot
phalanges: 14. Small bones that form the toes
Bone classification by shape
Bones and yay
