Intro

Question 1

What is a drug?

Answer 1

Substance recognized in an official pharmacopoeia

Substance used for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease

Substance other than food intended to affect structure/function of the body

Question 2

What is pharmacology

Answer 2

Study of interactions of drugs with living systems

Question 3

What is the science of drug preparation

Answer 3

Pharmacy

Question 4

Study of poisons and their treatments

Answer 4

Toxicology

Question 5

What is the difference between pharmokinestics and pharmodynamics?

Answer 5

Pharmokinetics = absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (deposition an movement of drug in the body)

Pharmodynamics = mechanism of action of the drug

Question 6

What database is used to determine food residues and withdraw times of food animals?

Answer 6

FARAD

Food animal residue avoidance databank

Question 7

What are the 4 catagories of drugs

Answer 7

OTC
Prescription
Biologics
Controlled

Question 8

How are controlled drugs regulated and how are they rated?

Answer 8

Regulated by DEA

5 classes based on potential for abuse - class 1 has highest abuse potential

Question 9

What are the factors that modify drug dose and response

Answer 9

Animal related
Drug related
Environment

Question 10

How must you consider species differences when modifying drug dose and response?

Answer 10

Anatomical/physiological/biochemical differences

Vomiting animals
Urine pH
Drug metabolizing enzymes
Plasma binding proteins

Question 11

What breed is sensitive to ivermectin

Answer 11

Collies

Question 12

What species are sensitive to phenothiazanes??

Answer 12

Boxers

Question 13

What species are tolerant to droperidotfentanyl

Answer 13

Australian terriers

Question 14

On the individual level, how can drug response differ?

Answer 14

Genetic differences can lead to tolerance, sensitivities to certain drugs

Idiosyncratic reactions

Question 15

What differences are seen in the newborn that alter drug response

Answer 15

Decreased metabolism, excretion
Decreased blood brain barrier
Increased total body water
Decreased plasma protein binding

Question 16

Young animals are susceptible to what adverse side effect by tetracycline ?

Answer 16

Yellow discoloration of teeth (animals with dental development)

Question 17

Young animals are susceptible to what adverse side effect by fluoroquniolones

Answer 17

Cartilage damage

Question 18

Young animals are susceptible to what adverse side effect by glucocorticoids?

Answer 18

Growth inhibition

Question 19

In geriatric patients, what changes will modify drug response

Answer 19

Decreased metabolism, cardiac output, renal function, hepatic blood flow

Other chronic disease

Question 20

What differences are seen between males and females that can affect drug response?

Answer 20

Females generally have more fat than males
Reproductive cycle in females (pregnancy and lactation)

Differences in drug biotransformation

Question 21

Calm animals may need lower doses of _____________ than aggressive animals

Answer 21

CNS depressants

Question 22

What is an idiosyncratic reaction

Answer 22

Genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions

Not dose dependent and require drug withdrawal

Question 23

Most idiosyncratic reactions are caused by the formation of ______________________ which can bind to cellular macromolecules and result in cell damage

Answer 23

Reactive drug metabolites

Question 24

What idiosyncratic reaction can enrofloxacin cause in cats?

Answer 24

Retinal damage

Question 25

What idiosyncratic reaction can griseofulvin cause in cats?

Answer 25

Liver damage

Question 26

What idiosyncratic reaction can occur with captopril in dogs

Answer 26

Renal disease

Question 27

When drug acts as an antigen and antigen-antibody reactions cause and immune response

Answer 27

Hypersensitivity Some drugs act as hapten

Question 28

How can disease affect drug response?

Answer 28

Liver disease decrease drug metabolism Kidney disease decrease renal excretion Heart failure decreased organ blood flow and renal excretion

Question 29

___________ is unusual resistance to the ordinary dose of the drug

Answer 29

Tolerance

Question 30

What are the four types of tolerance

Answer 30

Natural Acquired- enzyme induction/increase excretion Cross tolerance Tachyphylaxis - acute acquired tolerance

Question 31

Will absorption be faster before or after meals?

Answer 31

Before

Question 32

CNS stimulants are more effective during the _______ and CNS depressants are more effective at ________

Answer 32

Day; night

Question 33

When the rate of elimination is slower than the rate of absorption

Answer 33

Cumulation

Question 34

What is a drug-drug interaction

Answer 34

Administration of drugs concurrently or sequentially

Question 35

What is an example of combined antihypertensive therapy, beneficial drug interactions

Answer 35

ACE inhibitor- thiazide diuretic ACE inhibitors elevate potassium levels Thiazide decreased postassium levels

Question 36

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide or PenicillinG- streptomycin are examples of what beneficial drug drug interaction

Answer 36

Combined antimicrobial therapy

Question 37

Why do two aminoglycoside antibiotics concurrently produce an undesirable drug interactions

Answer 37

Both are nephrotoxic - kidney damage

Question 38

What are the four types of drug-drug interactions?

Answer 38

Summation Potentiation Synergism Antagonism

Question 39

What is summation of a drug?

Answer 39

The sum of the effects of drugs (1+1=2)

Question 40

What is potentiation of a drug?

Answer 40

Combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently (have different actions/affects)

Question 41

What is synergism

Answer 41

Exaggeration of the effect of a drug by giving another drug that has the same action

Question 42

What is an example two drugs that have summation

Answer 42

Two anticholinergics

Question 43

Examples of drugs with potentiation effect?

Answer 43

Probenecid-penicillin G Epinephrine-procaine

Question 44

What are examples of drugs with a synergistic effect?

Answer 44

Neuroleptic-inhalation anesthetic Trimethoprim-sulfonamide

Question 45

What is drug antagonism

Answer 45

Administration of a drug results in the decrease in the pharmacological response of another drug

Question 46

What are the 4 types of antagonism?

Answer 46

Physical -binds partial on surface (eg activated charcoal) Chemical - chemical bond to drug (eg EDTA and lead) Physiological - antagonize effect of drug; not the mechanism; acts on a different receptor (eg epinephrine and histamine) Pharmacological -acts on the same receptor/mechanism

Question 47

What are the two types of pharmacological antagonism?

Answer 47

Competitive- reversible binding; concentration dependent (e.g. atropine and ACh) Noncompetitive- irreversible binding; not concentration dependent; time dependent (e phenoxybenzamine and epinephrine)

Question 48

What are pharmacodynamic interactions by two drugs

Answer 48

Two drugs act on the same receptor

Question 49

What are pharmacokinetic interactions between two drugs

Answer 49

Alter - absorption - distribution - biotransformation - excretion

Question 50

How can a drug alter absorption of another drug

Answer 50

Inhibit or enhance Calcium binds tetracycline = inhibit absorption Epinephrine subcutaneously inhibits systemic absorption of local anesthetic

Question 51

How can a drug alter the distribution of another dug?

Answer 51

Strongly bound drugs to plasma proteins (eg phynylbutazone/aspirin) displaces weakly bound dugs (eg warfarin) => more free drug => more effect

Question 52

Enzyme___________ may decrease the effects of other drugs

Answer 52

Inducers | Increased biotransformation Eg phonobabital is an enzyme inducer

Question 53

Enzyme _____________ may increase the effects of other drugs

Answer 53

Inhibitors | Decreased biotransformation Eg chloramphenicol is an enzyme inhibitor

Question 54

What will enhance the renal excretion of weak acidic drugs?

Answer 54

Urinary alkalinizers | Sodium bicarbonate

Question 55

What will enhance renal excretion of weak basic drugs ?

Answer 55

Urinary acidifiers | Ammonium chloride

Question 56

______________ inhibits tubular secretion of penicillin G by competing on the carrier molecule

Answer 56

Probenecid

Question 57

What are examples of drug incompatibility

Answer 57

Vit B compels with many solutions of antibiotics Xylazine with thiopental Tetracycline with calcium Sodium bicarbonate with epinephrine

Question 58

What environment factors can affect drug response?

Answer 58

Ambient temperature Humidity Oxygen