Intro

Question 1

After exiting the x-ray tube the x-photons undergo 3-main events within the patient
tissues, also known as what?

Answer 1

differential absorption

Question 2

x-rays can pass through and expose the film turning it___

Answer 2

black

Question 3

the x-rays can interact and be completely absorbed by

Answer 3

patient’s tissue

Question 4

X-rays can interact, deflect and produce _______ that can contribute to
radiation dose to the patient and the medical personnel

Answer 4

Compton scatter

Question 5

What are the 4-known radiographic densities potentially representing normal or
pathological densities of the human body?

Answer 5

Air
Fat
Water
Bone/metal/calcium

Question 6

What appears as black?

Answer 6

Air-

Question 7

What appears as slightly less black than air?

Answer 7

Fat- subcutaneous fat and fat pads of the joints

Question 8

What appears as grey?

Answer 8

Water soft tissues and abnormal fluid

Question 9

What appears as white?

Answer 9

Bone/Metal/Calcium-mineralised bone or metallic objects

Question 10

What does APLC stand for?

Answer 10

AP lower cervical

Question 11

What does APOM stand for?

Answer 11

AP open mouth

Question 12

The views of the cervical spine considered to be diagnostic if they include:

Answer 12

Cranio-cervical region superiorly

Cervico-throacic region inferiorly

Question 13

General rule states that t is required to perform at least _________
orthogonal to each other.

Answer 13

2-radiographic views

Question 14

What does A.B.C.S stand for in radiographic evaluation?

Answer 14

Alignment
Bone
Cartilage
Soft Tissues

Question 15

normal anatomic relations of joints and osseous structures concerns what part of ABCS?

Answer 15

Alignment

Question 16

bone mineral density, abnormal destructive/lytic or abnormal

sclerotic processes of the bone concerns what part of ABCS?

Answer 16

Bone

Question 17

joint spaces and disc spaces concerns what part of ABCS?

Answer 17

Cartilage

Question 18

evaluates surrounding soft tissues for abnormal fluid,

calcifications or any other pathology concerns what part of ABCS?

Answer 18

Soft Tissues

Question 19

In lateral cervical view when evaluating alignment, what 4 things should you look at?

Answer 19

Anterior vertebral line
• Posterior or George’s line
• Spinal laminar line
• SP posterior line

Question 20

retrophareyngeal space should be ____ at C2

Answer 20

7mm

Question 21

retrotracheal space should be ____ at C6-C7

Answer 21

22mm

Question 22

Flexed and extended lateral cervical views (stress views)- help to evaluate what?

Answer 22

Ligamentous stability

Question 23

R+L posterior oblique cervical views demonstrates what?

Answer 23

Inter vertebral formania

Question 24

What is normal in children and especially prominent at C3?

Answer 24

Anterior body wedging

Question 25

Abnormally widened pituitary | fossa or “ballooning of sella” sign indicates what?

Answer 25

Space occupying lesion such as a pituitary gland adenoma or other neoplasms may cause erosion of the osseous margins

Question 26

Radiographic measurement of Basilar skull angle should be what?

Answer 26

(125-143 degrees | standard reference)

Question 27

What makes up the lines for the basilar skull angle?

Answer 27

-nasion to middle of pituitary fossa - anterior border of magnum along the clivus

Question 28

What is diagnosed it the basilar angle is >152 degrees?

Answer 28

Platybasia

Question 29

What is a direct line from posterior tip of hard palate to the lowest point of the occipital bone

Answer 29

McGegegor line

Question 30

What is the signifcance of the McGegor line?

Answer 30

odontoid process should not pass this line more than 8-mm

Question 31

What line goes from the hard palate to posterior margin of | magnum foramina?

Answer 31

Chamberlain line

Question 32

What is the significance of the chamberlain line?

Answer 32

Odontoid should not pass this line (<4-mm can be normal)

Question 33

Atlantodental interspace (ADI) should be ____ in children

Answer 33

<5mm

Question 34

Atlantodental interspace (ADI) should be ____ in adults

Answer 34

<3mm

Question 35

Normally the articular mass of C1 should be aligned with corresponding mass of C2. In children, C1 mass may appear ______ C2

Answer 35

overhanging

Question 36

what are congenital abnormalities resulting in caudal displacement of the cerebellum and the brainstem due to small volume or hypoplasia of posterior cranial fossa.

Answer 36

Arnold-Chiari malformations

Question 37

What is (partial or complete, uni or bilateral ossification of posterior atlanto-occipital membrane)- asymptomatic and detected incidentally on radiographs

Answer 37

Posterior ponticle

Question 38

What is a failed segmentation of vertebra | Single level-blocked vertebra

Answer 38

Congenital blocked vertebra

Question 39

Two or more blocked vertebra

Answer 39

Klippel-Feil syndrome

Question 40

Ossification of the stylohyoid ligament

Answer 40

eagle syndrome

Question 41

Interruption in smooth contour may indicate facet | imbrication (subluxation) or DJD

Answer 41

Hadley's S-curve

Question 42

Eisenstein Method, normal sagittal Lumbar canal should remain no less than _____

Answer 42

14mm

Question 43

failed union of both lateral centers of vertebral body due to persistent notochord between them

Answer 43

Buttefly vertebra

Question 44

failed formation of vertebral half, can be major source of | congenital scoliosis

Answer 44

Hemivertebra

Question 45

closely related condition when nucleus pulposus can herniate | anterior through ring apophysis

Answer 45

Limbus Bone

Question 46

Central herniation of the nucleus pulposus through vertebral end-palate

Answer 46

Schmorl's nodes

Question 47

Central herniation of the nucleus pulposus through vertebral end-palate

Answer 47

Nuclear impressions/ cupid bow

Question 48

failure of closure of the neural tube

Answer 48

Spina bifida manifesta

Question 49

Midline cleft at S1-S2 with | elongated SP of L5

Answer 49

Knife Clasp Syndrome