Intro-Anatomy-Normal Voice Development Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Intro-Anatomy-Normal Voice Development Deck (88)
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1
Q

What are the 3 perceptual characteristics of sound with their physical correlates?

A

Pitch - frequency
Loudness or intensity - amplitude
Quality or timbre - harmonic constitution or waveform

2
Q

What is frequency?

What does it describe?

A

The number of vibrations per second.

Description of the speed at which molecules are moving.

3
Q

One vibration is equal to what?

A

One compression AND rarefaction cycle.

4
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hertz = cycles per second

5
Q

What 4 things is frequency determined by?

A

1) size of the sound source
2) material or composition of the source
3) shape of the source
4) manner in which the sound source is set into motion

6
Q

What is an octave?

A

Interval between any two notes in which the ratio of frequencies of the notes is 2:1

7
Q

What is the frequency of middle C on a piano?

A

261 Hz

8
Q

What is the average frequency of a male voice? Female?

A
Male = 130 Hz
Female = 210 Hz
9
Q

What is intensity? What is intensity measured in?

A

Intensity is the amount of energy expended - measured in decibels (dB)

10
Q

Two sounds of the same frequency with different intensity differ how?

A

There is greater displacement.

11
Q

What determines the quality of what we hear in a voice?

A

Harmonic constitution or waveform

12
Q

What is a periodic sound?

A

Sound produced in continuous, regular pattern. Produced with harmonics or overtones which are pleasant and less dissonant to the listener.

13
Q

What is an aperiodic sound?

A

Sound that does not have a harmonic relationship that exists in periodic tones. Can have components at all frequencies.

14
Q

_______ has both periodic and aperiodic complex sounds.

A

Speech

15
Q

_____ are more periodic than ______ sounds.

A

Vowels; consonants.

16
Q

What are the 3 main areas in which we target a person’s voice in therapy?

A

1 - frequency
2 - intensity
3 - quality

17
Q

Speech occurs as a result of what 4 main processes?

A

1 - respiration
2 - phonation
3 - resonance
4 - articulation

18
Q

What is the source of strength for the voice?

A

Respiration

19
Q

Respiration for speech and singing requires sustained _______.

A

Exhalation

20
Q

What structures comprise the respiratory tract?

A

Nose and mouth, nasopharynx and oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, tracheal bifurcation, broncial tubes, bronchioles, and alveolar sacs

21
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Space between the true vocal folds

22
Q

What is the ventricle?

A

The space between the true and false vocal folds

23
Q

What are the 2 main purposes of the ventricle?

A

Provides a space for the VF to vibrate; provides lubrication for the true VF.

24
Q

What is the primary muscle of respiratory control?

A

Diaphragm

25
Q

At rest breathing is a(n) ________ process.

A

Passive

26
Q

For voice or speech, exhalation is a(n) _______ process.

A

Active

27
Q

What structure produces phonation?

A

Larynx

28
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the laryngeal valve?

A

1 - protect the lungs
2 - set the thoracic cavity for greater strength in lifting and pushing
3 - preventing exhalation to build up pressure for a cough to dislodge foreign matter

29
Q

Voice is a(n) _______ function of the larynx.

A

Overlaid

30
Q

The larynx is capable of forming a valve because of what three things?

A

1 - fixed framework
2 - abduction/adduction (intrinsic muscles)
3 - framework support (extrinsic muscles)

31
Q

What are the 6 types of cartilages in the larynx? Are there one or two of each cartilage?

A
1 - cricoid cartilage (1)
2 - thyroid cartilage (1)
3 - arytenoid cartilages (2)
4 - cuneiform cartilages (2)
5 - corniculate cartilages (2)
6 - epiglottis (1)
32
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx covered with?

A

Perichondrium (aka conus elasticus)

33
Q

What cartilage forms the base for the laryngeal structures?

A

Cricoid cartilage

34
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage connected to the thyroid cartilage with?

A

Cricothyroid ligament

35
Q

What is significant about the cricothyroid ligament?

A

It is the site of a tracheotomy

36
Q

What is the main important protective cartilage?

A

Thyroid cartilage

37
Q

The inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with what?

A

Cricoid cartilage

38
Q

With muscle contraction, what three directions does the thyroid cartilage rock?

A

Forward, up, and back

39
Q

What does the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Hyoid bone

40
Q

The large lamina of the thyroid cartilage encloses the larynx in what two directions?

A

Anteriorly and laterally (not posteriorly!!)

41
Q

What are the pyramid shaped structures located on the posterior/superior cricoid cartilage?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

42
Q

What are the three processes of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Vocal processes
Muscular processes
Apices

43
Q

What do the vocal processes attach to?

A

They project forward and are attached to the posterior ends of the true vocal folds

44
Q

Where are the muscular processes located?

A

They are the lateral posterior projections (the ones in the back)

45
Q

Where are the apices located?

A

Medial superior posterior projections

46
Q

What are directly above the apices?

A

Corniculates

47
Q

What are the 3 basic movements that occur with contraction of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? What does each movement cause?

A

1 - rotate = ad/ab-duct the vocal folds
2 - slide = move out and down to open and close glottis
3 - rock = tip backward and forward to change the length of the vocal folds

48
Q

What do the corniculate cartilages extend into?

A

Aryepiglottic folds

49
Q

What are the cuneiform cartilages?

A

Tiny cone cartilage pieces located under the mucous membrane of the arepiglottic folds

50
Q

What are the main functions of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx? What is their secondary function?

A

Give the larynx support and elevate or lower the larynx position in the neck. Secondary function in pitch changes.

51
Q

What are the two primary types of extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

Elevators and depressors

52
Q

What is the function of elevators?

A

To life the larynx during swallowing; slight life of larynx for singing high pitches

53
Q

What is the function of depressors?

A

To lower the larynx after swallowing; lower the larynx for low singing notes

54
Q

What is the cricopharyngeus?

A

An extrinsic muscle of the larynx that helps anchor the larynx; it’s the neoglottis in esophageal speech.

55
Q

How many intrinsic muscles of the larynx are there?

A

6

56
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx primary responsible for?

A

Condition and position of the vocal folds

57
Q

What is the only unpaired intrinsic muscle of the larynx?

A

The transverse arytenoid

58
Q

What are the 6 intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A
1 - posterior cricoarytenoids
2 - lateral cricoarytenoids
3 - cricothyroids
4 - transverse arytenoid
5 - oblique arytenoids
6 - thryoarytenoids
59
Q

What is the only AB-ductor intrinsic muscle of the larynx?

A

The posterior cricoarytenoids

60
Q

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoids?

A

To rock the arytenoids dorsally to open the glottis

61
Q

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoids?

A

AD-ductors that pull the muscular processes anteriorly and the vocal processed medially to approximate and slightly tense the VF.

62
Q

What are the 2 portions of the cricothyroids?

A

Vertical and oblique

63
Q

What does contraction of the cricothyroids cause?

A

An increase in distance between the thyroid and the arytenoid cartilages, which stretches and tenses the VF.

64
Q

What is the function of the transverse arytenoid?

A

Contraction pulls the arytenoid cartilages together to approximate the vocal folds

65
Q

What muscles form an “x” on the back of the arytenoids?

A

The oblique arytenoids

66
Q

What is the function of the oblique arytenoids?

A

Contraction pulls arytenoids medially

67
Q

What muscle forms the bulk of the muscular portion of the true vocal folds?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscles

68
Q

When the thyroarytenoid muscles move the arytenoids forward, what 2 things happen?

A

The vocal folds are shortened and thickened!

69
Q

What are the two portions of t he thyroarytenoid muscles?

A

The lateral portion is the thyromuscularis portion.

The medial portion is the vocalis portion.

70
Q

Stretching the VF decreases ____________ and therefore pitch________________.

A

Mass per unit length

Rises

71
Q

What does it mean that the thyroarytenoid is antagonistic to the cricothyroid?

A

They pull the arytenoids in opposite directions.

72
Q

What is the inner border of the VF?

A

vocal ligament

73
Q

Where does the vocal ligament originate/extend to?

A

Originates at anterior commissure and extends to the vocal process end of arytenoids

74
Q

What is the anterior commissure?

A

Where the VF come together at the larynx

75
Q

What is another name for the false vocal folds?

A

Ventricular folds

76
Q

Where are the ventricular folds?

A

Above the true vocal folds and the laryngeal ventricle

77
Q

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

A

Deep indentation in the mucous membrane between the false and true folds

78
Q

What are two main functions of the laryngeal ventricle?

A

It’s the site of a generous supply of mucous glands to lubricate the true folds; serves as a space in which the folds can move into during vibration

79
Q

By adulthood, the larynx has moved to the lower edge of the ___ vertebrae.

A

7th

80
Q

Increases in the length of the pharyngeal tube contributes to a lower what?

A

Fundamental frequency

81
Q

True and false vocal folds respond deferentially depending on what?

A

The psycho-physiological state of the person.

82
Q

What is the average fundamental frequency of an infant at birth?

A

500 Hz

83
Q

What is the average fundamental frequency of 7-8 year olds?

A

280 Hz

84
Q

In what dimension does the male larynx outgrow the female larynx?

A

Anterior-posterior

85
Q

What is transient dysphonia? What is it characterized by?

A

Abnormal quality to the voice that occurs during puberty; characterized by sudden voice breaks and harsh or hoarse quality

86
Q

What is transient dysphonia AKA?

A

Stormy mutation period

87
Q

What is the average fundamental frequency of an adult male voice? Female?

A
Male = 130 Hz
Female = 210 Hz
88
Q

What factors contribute to voice changes in older adults?

A

Muscular atrophy, thinning and dehydration of the mucosa, loss of elasticity of ligaments, calcification of cartilages, flaccidity, bowing of the vocal folds, and edema