Intro and History

Question 1

Eukarya

Answer 1

+ Fungi
+ Algae
+ Protozoa

Question 2

Fungi classification

Answer 2

Classical taxonomy:
\+ Sexual reproductive mode
\+ Morphology 
\+ Biochemistry 
\+ Ecology

Question 3

Algae classification

Answer 3

Classified by pigmentation color

Question 4

Protozoa classification

Answer 4

Classical taxonomy based on mode of motility

Question 5

Non-Cellular

Answer 5

+ Viruses

+ Sub-viral entities

Question 6

Who invented the first simple microscope?

Answer 6

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Question 7

Who discovered microorganisms?

Answer 7

Robert Hooke

Question 8

Who invented the compound microscope?

Answer 8

Robert Hooke

Question 9

Bacteria

Answer 9

(16S rRNA genes) prokaryotic; eubacteria; include blue-green algae/cyanobacteria

Question 10

Archaea

Answer 10

(16S rRNA genes) prokaryotic; archaebacteria; recently discovered; e.g. halophiles, methanogens, piezophiles

Question 11

Eukarya

Answer 11

(18S rRNA genes)

fungi, algae, protozoa

Question 12

J. M. Berkeley (1845)

Answer 12

Potato blight Ireland caused by a fungus (Phytophthora infestans)

Question 13

Pasteur

Answer 13

silkworm disease etiology caused by a protozoan

Question 14

Helicobacter pylori

Answer 14

gastric/stomach ulcers; stomach cancer

Question 15

Oral streptococci

Answer 15

heart valve diseases

Question 16

Semmelweiss

Answer 16

childbirth fever deaths

Question 17

Joseph Lister (1867)

Answer 17

+ antiseptic techniques for surgery

+ carbolic acid (phenol) is still used as an index of effectiveness of antiseptics (phenol coefficient)

Question 18

Ivanovski (1892)

Answer 18

Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 19

Nutrient media from extracts of natural materials: plant material, etc. think about today’s media

Answer 19

Robert Koch

Question 20

melts at 100C solidifies ~45C

Answer 20

Agar

Question 21

melts at 28C, easily digested

Answer 21

Gelatin

Question 22

Who invented the petri dish?

Answer 22

Richard Petri

Question 23

Microbe present in every case of the disease but absent in healthy host.

Answer 23

Koch’s first postulate

Question 24

Suspected microbe can be isolated and grown in pure culture.

Answer 24

Koch’s second postulate

Question 25

Same disease must be produced when a healthy host is inoculated with that microbe.

Answer 25

Koch's third postulate

Question 26

Same microbes must be isolatable from newly diseased host

Answer 26

Koch's fourth postulate

Question 27

Viable but non culturbale (VBNC) microbes

Answer 27

Limitations of Koch's postulates

Question 28

Unethical testing, e.g. human hosts

Answer 28

Limitations to Koch's postulate

Question 29

When did Edward Jenner first practice vaccination (vacca = cow) ?

Answer 29

In 1790

Question 30

Who first practiced variolization for centuries?

Answer 30

The Chinese

Question 31

Variolation

Answer 31

Or inoculation, was the method first used to immunize an individual against smallpox (Variola)

Question 32

Who is responsible for attenuating a vaccine for chicken cholera?

Answer 32

Pasteur and Roux

Question 33

Who discovered optical activity in lactic acid fermentation D and L lactic acids because of a wine spoilage problem?

Answer 33

Pasteur

Question 34

Anaerbiosis (meaning)

Answer 34

"Life without air."

Question 35

Who is responsible for discovering nitrogen fixation by anaerobes?

Answer 35

Sergei Winogradski

Question 36

Who is responsible for discovering aerobic nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter?

Answer 36

Martinus Beijerinck

Question 37

Microbial ecologist, Director of NSF

Answer 37

Rita Colwell

Question 38

Discovered bacterial pathogenicity of virulence.

Answer 38

Stanley Falkow

Question 39

Discovered archaea.

Answer 39

Carl Woese and Ralph Wolfe

Question 40

Established that H. pylori is the cause of gastric and peptic ulcers.

Answer 40

Barry Marshall and J. Robin Warren

Question 41

Excellent theoretical and experimental models do what two things?

Answer 41

Reduce space and reduce time to study the same process

Question 42

What is a disadvantage to the microbial paradigm?

Answer 42

They usually show substantially greater physiological and metabolic diversity than the rest of the living world.

Question 43

Most microbes are single cells. T or F

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Benefit of surface to volume ratio.

Answer 44

A microbe can exchange materials with its environment thousands of times more rapidly than an elephant.

Question 45

For a microbe, is the biochemical communication with its environment rapid or slow?

Answer 45

Rapid

Question 46

T or F. Microbes are usually studied as individuals.

Answer 46

False. They are studied easily as millions of identical cells.

Question 47

CO2 sole or principal biosynthesis carbon source (carbon source).

Answer 47

Autotroph

Question 48

Reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other organisms (carbon source).

Answer 48

Heterotrophs

Question 49

Light (energy source)

Answer 49

Phototrophs

Question 50

Oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds (energy source).

Answer 50

Chemotrophs

Question 51

Reduced inorganic molecules (electron source).

Answer 51

Lithotrophs

Question 52

Organic molecules (electron source).

Answer 52

Organotrophs

Question 53

Unique exceptions of general microbial nutrition.

Answer 53

+ Fix CO2 non-Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathways + May require metal cofactors + Have unique metabolic capabilities

Question 54

What are 3 unique metabolic capabilities that microbes posses?

Answer 54

1 - Fix (reduce) N2 and cycle NO, NO3, etc. 2 - Reduce SO4 3 - Degrade refractory materials (e.g., lignin, teflon)