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BIOS5092 > INTRO TO ANATOMY > Flashcards

INTRO TO ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the skeleton?

A

framework, protects internal organs, movement leverage, mineral storage + blood cell formation

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2
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the skeleton?

A

axial (80 bones e.g. skull, ribs, vertebrae, sternum) + appendicular (126 bones e.g. upper & lower limbs)

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of bones?

A

long, short, irregular, sesamoids

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4
Q

what are long bones?

A

tubular in shape, hollow centre, flexible e.g. femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius & ulna

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5
Q

what are short bones?

A

cuboidal in shape e.g. carpals & tarsals

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6
Q

what are irregular bones?

A

scapular & vertebrae

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7
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A

forms within tendons- provides smooth surface to run over

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8
Q

what are angles on bones?

A

sharp bony angulations which may serve as bony or soft tissue attachments

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9
Q

what are bodies of bones?

A

largest part on bone- diaphysis/shaft

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10
Q

what are condyles on bones?

A

large prominence

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11
Q

what are crest on bones?

A

raised or prominent part of edge of bone- site where CT attaches muscle to bone e.g. iliac crest

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12
Q

what is the epicondyle on bones?

A

prominence that sits atop of a condyle

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13
Q

what is the facet of the bone?

A

smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another flat bone or another facet forming a gliding joint

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14
Q

what is the fossa of a bone?

A

shallow depression in the bone surface

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15
Q

what is a groove on a bone?

A

a furrow in the bone surface which runs along the length of a vessel or nerve

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16
Q

what is the role of a notch of a bone?

A

provides stabilisation to an adjacent articulating bone- depression in a bone

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17
Q

what is a trochanter?

A

large prominence on the side of bones

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18
Q

what is a tuberosity on a bone?

A

moderate prominance where muscles & CT attach

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19
Q

what is a tubercle on a bone?

A

small rounded prominance where CT attaches

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20
Q

what is the anatomical position?

A

erect with feet shoulder width apart, head looking forward, hands at the side, palms facing forward

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21
Q

what is decubitus body position?

A

lying down

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22
Q

what is the supine position?

A

lying on back

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23
Q

what is prone position?

A

lying face down

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24
Q

what is lateral decubitus position?

A

lying on one side e.g. right lateral/left lateral

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25
Q

what is pronation?

A

turns the hands posteriorly e.g. back of hand

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26
Q

what is supination?

A

turns the hands anteriorly e.g. looking at palms of hands

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27
Q

what is flexion?

A

decreases angle of joint

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28
Q

what is extension?

A

increases angle of joint

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29
Q

what is opposition?

A

thumb brought to oppose another digit

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30
Q

what is elevation?

A

movement of scapular superiorly

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31
Q

what is depression?

A

move scapular inferiorly

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32
Q

what is eversion?

A

movement of foot sole away from median plane

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33
Q

what is inversion?

A

movement of foot sole towards the median plane

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34
Q

what is the buccal position of teeth?

A

anterior surface of tooth

35
Q

what is the palatal position of teeth?

A

posterior surface of maxillary tooth

36
Q

what is the lingual position of teeth?

A

posterior surface of mandibular tooth

37
Q

what is bone made of?

A

bone matrix, mineral, cells

38
Q

what does the bone matrix comprise of?

A

collagen & ground substance

39
Q

what are the 3 bone cells?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

40
Q

what does the average compact bone contain?

A

30% matrix & 70% mineral

41
Q

what is bone strength affected by?

A

direction of collagen fibres

42
Q

how do the collagen fibres overlap?

A

form crosslinks with minerals deposited in space between fibrils

43
Q

what give the bone the ability to flex without breaking?

A

collagen

44
Q

what is the role of ground substance?

A

strenghthens bone by forming compression resistant networks between collagen fibrils

45
Q

what is the role of bone minerals?

A

give bone strength

46
Q

what is the bone mineral?

A

hydroxyapatite (HAP)- made up of calcium & phosphate

47
Q

what compounds in bone matrix are transformed to HAP?

A

fluid Ca-P

48
Q

how much HAP is located between & around collagen fibres?

A

90%

49
Q

when does mineralisation occur?

A

when the local concentration of calcium & phosphorus is increased by action of ALP

50
Q

what happens when the solubility of mineralisation is exceeded?

A

crystals form- initially amorphous calcium phosphate which tranform to HAP

51
Q

what is the ratio of ca:p in hydroxyapatite?

A

between 1.3:1 and 2:1

52
Q

what else does bone salts consist of?

A

Mg, Na, K & carbonate ions- not organised into specific crystals

53
Q

how much HAP remains in an amorphorus form?

A

20-30% & are avaliable when extra Ca is needed in blood

54
Q

when does HAP deposit abnormally in soft tissue?

A

dystrophic calcification (occurs in dying & dead tissue) + metastic calcification associated with hypercalcemia

55
Q

what is the main role of hydroxyapatite?

A

provides compressional strength to the bone, and acts as a reserve of calcium that can be mobilised if blood calcium levels decrease.

56
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

bone forming cells- active near the bone surface

57
Q

what do osteoblasts produce?

A

matrix (osteoid) the non mineralised matrix consisting of collagen & ground substance

58
Q

what do osteoblasts become when production of matrix is complete?

A

becomes osteocytes

59
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

cells located in lacunae within bony matrix- once osteoblasts- maintain bone

60
Q

what is the role of osteocytes?

A

links with other osteocytes and osteoblasts- minerals move through channels & maintain bone structure

61
Q

what is the role of osteoclasts?

A

remove bone during repair & remodelling- derived from macrophages & scavenge- create surfaces on which osteoblasts can function

62
Q

what is cortical bone?

A

makes up hard outer shell of bone & shapes it- concentric ring structure with osteons

63
Q

what does the cortical bone surround?

A

in long limbs, it surrounds the medullary cavity (site of bone marrow)

64
Q

what spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

located within the bone at ends of long bone between the cortical bone & medullary cavity- large SA but less dense & stiff & provides strength to bone

65
Q

how does cancellous bone provide strength to bone?

A

trabeculae follow lines of stress & can realign if direction of stress changes- contributes greatly to strength

66
Q

what breaks down more easily- cortical or cancellous bone?

A

cancellous bone breaks down easily

67
Q

what is woven bone?

A

collagen fibres are randomly arranged

68
Q

what does woven bone contain?

A

many osteocytes- found at site of new bone formation, disorders & tumours- indicates a pathological process is occuring

69
Q

what is lamellar bone?

A

collagen fibres are arranged in pattern- laid down on a preexisting framework e.g. woven bone

70
Q

what is endochondral ossification?

A

method by which long bone grows

71
Q

how do long bone bones develop from ossification?

A

3 centres: a diaphysis & 2 epiphysis

72
Q

where does the lengthening of bone occur?

A

at ends of diaphysis where a layer of actively growing cartilage (growth plate) is located

73
Q

what happens when the cartilage stops growing?

A

it ossifies, metaphysis closes & no further lengthening occurs

74
Q

what does the intramembranous bone form?

A

bones of skull & face (flat bone)- formed by intramembraneous ossification

75
Q

where does intramembraneous ossification occur?

A

in fibrous tissue but has a centre of ossification- extends from centre to periphery of bone

76
Q

what are the 3 types of function joints?

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis & diarthrosis

77
Q

what are synarthrosis joints?

A

immovable joints e.g. skull

78
Q

what are amphiarthrosis joints?

A

limited movement joints e.g. intervertebral disc

79
Q

what are diarthrosis joints?

A

freely movable joint e.g. knee + elbow

80
Q

what are the 3 primary classification system of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial

81
Q

what is the structure of a fibrous joint?

A

syndesmosis (held together by interosseous ligament, allowing movement) + suture (between bones in skull)

82
Q

what is structure of a cartilaginous joint?

A

symphysis- characterised by borad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage between 2 bony surfaces

83
Q

what is the structure of a synovial joint?

A

freely movable, fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid, exposed ends covered by articular cartilage, joints stabilised by ligaments

BIOS5092 (17 decks)

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