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Medicine - year 1 > Intro to anatomy and body systems > Flashcards

Intro to anatomy and body systems Flashcards

Anatomical language and basic body systems (70 cards)

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1
Q

Anterior?

A

Nearer the front of the body

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2
Q

Posterior?

A

Nearer the back of the body

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3
Q

Superior/cranial?

A

Nearer the top of the head

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4
Q

Inferior/caudal?

A

Nearer the soles of the feet

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5
Q

Proximal?

A

Nearer to attachment of the limb to the body

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6
Q

Distal?

A

Further from the attachment of the limb to the body

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7
Q

Superficial?

A

Nearer to the surface of the body

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8
Q

Deep?

A

Further from the surface of the body

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9
Q

External?

A

Further from the center of the body or organ

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10
Q

Internal?

A

Nearer to the center of the body or organ

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11
Q

Major and minor?

A

Larger and smaller structures with the same names

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12
Q

Dorsal?

A

Refers to the back portion (i.e. posterior)

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13
Q

Ventral?

A

Refers to front part of body (i.e anterior)

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14
Q

Unilateral?

A

Structure found on only one side of the body

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15
Q

Bilateral?

A

Paired structures, a right and a left

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15
Q

Midline?

A

Single structure at the midline/medialplane

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16
Q

Ipsilateral?

A

Structure lies on SAME side

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17
Q

Contralateral?

A

Structure lies on OPPOSITE side

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18
Q

Flexion?

A

Decreasing angle between bones at a joint

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19
Q

Extension?

A

Increasing angle between bones at a joint

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20
Q

Abduction?

A

Movement away from the median plane

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21
Q

Adduction?

A

Movement towards median plane

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22
Q

Internal/medial rotation?

A

Anterior surface rotates towards the median plane

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23
Q

External/lateral rotation?

A

Anterior surface rotates away from the median plane

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24
Circumduction?
Circular motion at a joint
25
Eversion?
Sole of the foot rotates away from the median plane - sole faces laterally
26
Inversion?
Sole of the foot rotates towards the median plane - sole faces medially
27
Dorsiflexion?
Upwards flexion of foot
28
Plantarflexion?
Downward movement of the foot
29
Pronation?
Anterior surface of forearm rotates so palm of hand faces posteriorly
30
Supination?
Forearm rotates from pronated position back to anatomical position
31
Semi-prone?
Position of hand and forearm are halfway between supine and prone positions
32
Lateral flexion?
Movement of spine to side
33
Elevation?
Superior movement of shoulders
34
Depression?
Inferior movement of shoulders
35
Protraction?
Anterior movement of jaw/shoulder
36
Retraction?
Posterior movement of jaw/shoulder
37
Sagittal plane?
Vertical line dividing body into left and right
38
Coronal plane?
Vertical line dividing body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) section
39
Transverse/axial plane?
Horizontal line dividing body into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section
40
What are the 4 basic tissue types that form organs?
Epithelia, muscle, nerves and connective tissue
41
Where does the GI tract run?
Mouth to anus
42
Role of GI tract?
Digests large molecules into smaller ones to be absorbed into veins and lymphatic vessels of small intestine
43
Role of liver in GI tract?
Venous blood goes in here first then it stores nutrients, makes other products from them or returns them to venous system
44
What is another role of liver in GI tract?
Can detoxify potentially harmful substances
45
What does that cardiovascular system consist of?
Heart and blood vessels
46
Where do veins carry blood?
Back towards the heart
47
Where do arteries carry blood?
Away from the heart
48
Where do absorbed nutrients pass?
Veins of GI tract then to liver and then venous blood from the liver drains them back to the heart
49
What type of blood does the right side of the heart pump?
Deoxygenated blood to lungs
50
What type of blood does the left side of the heart pump?
Oxygenated blood to tissues and organs
51
Explain the flow of circulation
Heart pumps oxygenated blood to arteries Arteries supply blood to arterioles Arterioles supply blood to capillaries Capillaries drain blood into venules Venules drain blood into veins Veins drain blood back to heart
52
Explain how we get oxygen into the blood (respiratory)
Breathe air through nose or mouth Air travels through respiratory tree Alveoli is covered with capillaries - allows oxygen to be transferred by diffusion into blood
53
Explain how we get oxygen to our cells (haemotological system)
Haemoglobin binds oxygen in lungs and carries it to capillary beds where oxygen is released and delivered to cells
54
What gases diffuse between blood and cells down a concentration gradient at capillary beds?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
55
What is low levels of haemoglobin called?
Anaemia
56
How is fluid squeezed out of capillaries?
By blood pressure
57
What is excess fluid found in extraceullular spaces called?
Tissue fluid
58
What is the name given to tissue fluid once it's taken up by the lymphatic vessels?
Lymph
59
What are the respiratory and renal systems important in?
Removal of CO2 and acids from the body
60
What is the GI system important in?
Shedding cellular debris from internal lining, passes food etc out through faeces
61
What is the lymphatic system important in?
Draining microorganisms to lymph nodes
62
What is the first line of defence our body provides?
Skin
63
When can lymph nodes be palpated (examined)?
When fighting infection infiltrated by spreading cancer as they're enlarged
64
What can discrete areas of lymphatic tissue in the body assist with the identification and destruction of?
Invading pathogens
65
What are two parts of the nervous system?
Sensory part and motor part
66
Where are the central connections between the sensory and motor parts of the nervous system?
In the brain and spinal cord
67
What does the endocrine system mainly consist of?
Endocrine glands
68
What do endocrine glands do?
Secrete hormones directly into capillary blood
69
What are two functions of the musculoskeletal system?
Allow us to breathe and provides locomotion through skeletal muscle contractions at joints

Medicine - year 1 (20 decks)

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