Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

What are articular branches?

Answer 1

Arteries supplying joints

Question 2

What can arteries supplying joints be damaged by?

Answer 2

Dislocations

Question 3

What are the 3 types of joint classification?

Answer 3

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

Question 4

What are the 2 types of fibrous joints?

Answer 4

Syndesomes
Sutures

Question 5

What do syndesomes do?

Answer 5

Unite bones with fibrous sheet fibrous membrane

Question 6

Where are sutures located?

Answer 6

Between bones of skull

Question 7

What are fontanelles?

Answer 7

Wide structures in the neonatal skull

Question 8

What are the 3 types of fontanelles?

Answer 8

Anterior fontanelles
Lateral fontanelles
posterior fontanelles

Question 9

What is the function of fontanelles?

Answer 9

Allows growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to slide over each other

Question 10

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?

Answer 10

Primary cartilaginous
Secondary cartilaginous

Question 11

What are synovial joints?

Answer 11

2 or more bones articulating with each other

Question 12

What are the articulated surfaces of synovial joints covered in?

Answer 12

Hyaline cartilage

Question 13

What do synovial joints contain?

Answer 13

A joint cavity

Question 14

What does a joint cavity in a synovial joint contain?

Answer 14

Synovial fluid

Question 15

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

Answer 15

to cushion, nourish and lubricate

Question 16

What are synovial joints supported by?

Answer 16

Ligaments

Question 17

What are synovial joints associated with?

Answer 17

Skeletal muscles and their tendons and bursae

Question 18

What is the purpose of bursae?

Answer 18

Prevent friction around a joint

Question 19

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?

Answer 19

Pivot
Biaxial
Ball + socket
Plane
Hinge

Question 20

What has greater mobility but lesser stability of the hip joint?

Answer 20

The shoulder joint

Question 21

Why does the shoulder joint have a greater mobility but lesser stability than the hip joint?

Answer 21

As the ball and socket of hip joint is a much tighter fit than the ball and socket of the shoulder joint

Question 22

What is subluxation?

Answer 22

Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

Question 23

What is dislocation?

Answer 23

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Question 24

Where is skeletal muscle usually found?

Answer 24

Deep to deep fascia

Question 25

What do skeletal muscles do?

Answer 25

Produce movement

Question 26

What are the names of the 2 points of attachment to bone?

Answer 26

Origin and insertion

Question 27

What is the origin attachment to bone?

Answer 27

Most proximal part and is attached to an immovable bone

Question 28

What is the insertion attachment to bone?

Answer 28

Attached to a movable bone on the other side

Question 29

What do tendons do?

Answer 29

Attach muscle to bone

Question 30

Where are tendons found?

Answer 30

Either end of the muscle and non-contractile

Question 31

What is aponeurosis?

Answer 31

A flattened tendon

Question 32

What is the role of aponeurosis?

Answer 32

Attach muscle to soft tissue

Question 33

What are reflexes described as being?

Answer 33

Protective and automatic

Question 34

What are the 2 main muscle reflexes?

Answer 34

Stretch and flexion withdrawal

Question 35

Describe a reflex arc

Answer 35

Sensory nerve (muscle) detects stretch and tells spinal cord The motor nerve from the spinal cord passes the message to contract Neuromuscular junction is the synapse where the motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle

Question 36

What are 4 examples of deep tendon reflexes?

Answer 36

Biceps jerk Triceps jerk Knee jerk Ankle jerk

Question 37

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 37

The synapse where the motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle

Question 38

What is the name given to the whole route taken by the action potential called?

Answer 38

Reflex arc

Question 39

What is the flexion withdrawal reflex?

Answer 39

Touch something potentially damaging causing sudden flexion to withdraw from the danger

Question 40

What is muscle strain?

Answer 40

Overstretched, torn or twisted muscle

Question 41

What is muscle paralysis?

Answer 41

A muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply - can't contract and would therefore have a reduced tone

Question 42

What is muscle spasticity?

Answer 42

Muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren't working

Question 43

What is muscular atrophy?

Answer 43

Wasting of the muscle through inactivity - myocytes become smaller