Intro to Animal Nutrition

Question 1

What is Animal Nutrition?

Answer 1

The science of how animals assimilate feeds, and how the nutrients in feed are utilized for growth, tissue repair and replacement, production of animal products.

Question 2

What is a nutrient?

Answer 2

Any chemical element or compound provided in the diet that can support growth, reproduction, lactation or maintenance of life processes.

Question 3

What is the greatest nutrient?

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

What are the classes of nutrients?

Answer 4

Carbohydrates, Protein (amino acids), Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, Water

Question 5

What do Carbohydrates contain?

Answer 5

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Question 6

What are the classes of Carbohydrates?

Answer 6

1) Simple sugars: the primary energy source for cells
Ex: glucose

2) Complex CHO: maintain health of digestive system
Ex: cellulose (fiber)

Question 7

What do Proteins contain?

Answer 7

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Question 8

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 8

structural role
internal communication
source of energy

Question 9

What do Lipids contain?

Answer 9

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Question 10

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 10

source of large amount of energy
major components of cell membranes
regulation of cellular processes

Question 11

What are lipid containing foods?

Answer 11

butter, oils

Question 12

What are carbohydrate containing foods?

Answer 12

breads, cereals, pasta, rice (simple)

hay, straw (complex)

Question 13

What are protein containing foods?

Answer 13

meats, eggs, cheese, fish, dry distiller grains

Question 14

What does water contain?

Answer 14

hydrogen and oxygen

Question 15

What are the functions of water?

Answer 15

dissolves and carries nutrients, gases, and waste
provides environement for chemical reactions
body temperature regulation

Question 16

What is the major function of water?

Answer 16

solvent

Question 17

What do vitamins consist of?

Answer 17

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

*some contain mineral elements

Question 18

What do vitamins not provide?

Answer 18

structure or energy

Question 19

What are the two classifications of Vitamins?

Answer 19

1) Water-soluble
- B vitamins
- Vitamin C

2) Fat-soluble
- Vitamins A, D, E, K

Question 20

What are the functions of vitamins

Answer 20

Regulate body processes
Promote growth and development
Build and maintain tissues
Assist in use of energy from CHO, protein, and lipids

Question 21

What are minerals?

Answer 21

All inorganic substances in the body besides water

• Naturally occur in the earth
• Not used directly for energy

Question 22

What are the functions of minerals?

Answer 22

1) Structural role
- calcium, phosphorus

2) Regulation of body processes
- sodium

3) Facilitate chemical reactions
- sodium

Question 23

What are the nutrient categories?

Answer 23

Essential and non-essential nutrients
Macronutrient and micronutrient
Organic and inorganic nutrient

Question 24

What is an essential nutrient?

Answer 24

A chemical element or compound that must be obtained in the diet because the body:

1) cannot synthesize it
2) or the body can synthesize it BUT NOT in adequate amounts

Question 25

What is a nonessential nutrient?

Answer 25

a chemical element or compound the body synthesizes in sufficient quantities if it is lacking in the diet

Question 26

What is a micronutrient?

Answer 26

Vitamins, minerals | You only need small amounts

Question 27

What is a macronutrient?

Answer 27

water, carbohydrate, proteins, lipids | You need larger amounts

Question 28

What is an organic nutrient?

Answer 28

a substance that contains carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds CHO, proteins, lipids, vitamins

Question 29

What is an inorganic compound?

Answer 29

a substance that does not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds water, minerals

Question 30

What are the major functions of nutrients?

Answer 30

structure of cells and tissues regulation of body functions energy provision

Question 31

How do you control body function?

Answer 31

Hormones Neurotransmitters Co-factors and Co-enzymes facilitate a metabolic reaction, but are not consumed by it

Question 32

How are calories measured?

Answer 32

Bomb calorimeter

Question 33

What is a calorie?

Answer 33

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree

Question 34

What is a kilicalorie?

Answer 34

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg (1,000 g) of water 1 degree

Question 35

How many kcal/g are in carbohydrates?

Answer 35

4

Question 36

How many kcal/g are in protein?

Answer 36

4

Question 37

How many kcal/g are in lipids?

Answer 37

9

Question 38

How many kcal/g are in alcohol?

Answer 38

7

Question 39

What are non-nutrient nutritional factors?

Answer 39

Functional foods Gut microbes Probiotics Prebiotics

Question 40

Functional Foods

Answer 40

Phytochemicals – “plant chemicals” Zoonutrients – “animal nutrients” Probiotics (living) Prebiotics (non-living)

Question 41

Gut Microbes, Nutrient & Health

Answer 41

``` Gastrointestinal microbiota Bacteria, bacteriophage, protozoa, fungi Composition affected by: Diet Probiotics, Prebiotics Antibiotics ``` Commensal “friendly” microbiota: Provide competition for pathogenic microbes “Prime” the immune system Maintain pH Provide host with amino acids, vit K, vit B Microbial imbalance/”dysbacteriosis” is associated with illnesses

Question 42

What are probiotics?

Answer 42

live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host

Question 43

What are prebiotics?

Answer 43

non-viable food/feed component that confers a health benefit on the host associated to microbiota modulation Mainly carbohydrate in nature Energy source for (stimulate growth of) beneficial microorganisms in the colon

Question 44

What are the main functions of probiotics?

Answer 44

``` Increase: calcium/other mineral absorption balance intestinal microbiota immune response pathogen antagonism ``` ``` Decrease: bowel inflammation allergy symptoms colon cancer risk triglycerides cholesterol ```

Question 45

What are the main prebiotic funtions?

Answer 45

``` Increase: calcium/other mineral absorption immune response folate/B vitamins desirable microbiota in action faeces output ``` Decrease: colon cancer risk triglycerides cholesterol caloric value

Question 46

What are the differences of plants vs. animals

Answer 46

Plants can: photosynthesize, synthesize amino acids from inorganic N