Minerals Flashcards

Question

iron resivoir

Answer 1

``` myoglobin Found in muscle cells Heme group + protein subunit Releases oxygen to cells when needed for: ATP production Muscle contraction ```

Answer 2

``` Cytochromes Heme-containing complexes Function in electron transport chain Allow conversion of ADP to ATP Iron as cofactor Electron transport chain Citric acid cycle Gluconeogensis ```

Answer 3

Primary regulator of iron homeostasis 1-50% of iron is absorbed. If body needs more iron, it increases amount of “transferrin” an iron carrying protein. Iron can also be stored in another protein called “ferritin” ``` Iron from animal sources much better absorbed than that from plant sources Absorption of iron from plant sources increased by Vitamin C Meat in diet Absorption is decreased by Phytates (grain products) Polyphenols (tea, coffee) Other minerals (calcium, zinc) ```

Answer 4

Transferrin Delivers iron to body cells Transferrin receptors

Answer 5

``` Iron storage compounds in liver, bone marrow, and spleen Ferritin Main storage form Hemosiderin Long-term storage ```

Answer 6

``` Heme iron (high bioavailability) Bound to a heme group Shellfish, beef, poultry, organ meats Makes up Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes ``` Nonheme iron (lower bioavailability) Green leafy vegetables, mushrooms, legumes, enriched grains ~85% of dietary iron

Answer 7

Haeme > Fe2+ (ferrous) > Fe3+ (ferric) ``` Ferrous Iron Best absorbed Other terms: Ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate Ferric Iron ```

Answer 8

Absorbed in small intestine & stomach Influenced by Cu status, decreased by Fe & antacids Ceruloplasmin Excess incorporated into bile & eliminated in feces

Answer 9

``` Cofactor for metalloenzymes in redox reactions: ATP production Cytochrome c oxidase Iron metabolism Neural function Antioxidant function Superoxide dismutase Connective tissue synthesis Stored in most tissues, especially liver ```

Answer 10

Occurs with “normal” dietary levels of Cu and “low” levels of Mo and S Accumulates in liver Sheep are more susceptible than cattle or pigs

Answer 11

``` Function Essential component of thyroid hormones Important for regulation of body temperature, basal metabolic rate, reproduction and growth Regulation in body Almost all is absorbed Excess removed in urine ```

Answer 12

1920s – “Goiter Belt” Statewide campaigns Started providing iodized salt to children Goiter almost eliminated Current – Public Health working to eradicate goiter internationally

Answer 13

``` Most Se enters blood Incorporated into selenomethionine Makes selenoproteins Stored in muscles Maintenance of Se through excretion in urine ```

Answer 14

Catalyzes removal of hydrogen peroxide Component of glutathione peroxidase Converts T4 to T3 Improves killing ability of neutrophils Reduces the prevalence and severity of mastitis

Answer 15

``` Antioxidant Shares this role with vitamin E Deficiencies White muscle disease in lambs and calves Skeletal and cardiac myopathies Exudative diathesis (hemorrhagic disease) in chicks ```

Answer 16

``` Regulates insulin Growth & development Lab animals Increases lean mass Decreases fat mass Ergogenic aid Chromium picolinate ```

Answer 17

``` Bioavailability affected by: Vitamin C Acidic medications Antacids Transported in blood to liver Excess excreted in urine & feces ```

Answer 18

``` Cofactor for metalloenzymes Gluconeogenesis Bone formation Energy metabolism Cofactor for superoxide dismutase Less than 10% absorbed Incorporated in bile and excreted in faeces ```

Answer 19

Redox reactions Cofactor for several enzymes Metabolism of: Sulfur-containing amino acids DNA & RNA Detoxifying drugs in liver

Answer 20

``` Bioavailability influenced by: Phytates Iron Calcium Animal sources Acidic substances ```

Answer 21

``` Cofactor RNA synthesis Stabilizes proteins that regulate gene expression Zinc fingers Antioxidant Stabilizes cell membranes ```

Answer 22

Part of bone & teeth matrix Stimulates maturation of osteoblasts Topical application decreases bacteria in mouth Fewer cavities

Answer 23

99% is found in bones and teeth Function Promote mineralization of calcium and phosphate Inhibits bacterial growth in mouthdecreases cavity formation

Answer 24

Drinking water fortified with fluoride | American Dental Association (1-2 ppm)

Answer 25

``` Essential coenzyme for Propionate metabolism methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA DNA synthesis Bacterial synthesis of methionine ```

Answer 26

Known since 1930s that a wasting disease was associated with Co deficiency in plants and soils Starved for glucose Vitamin B12 was found to contain Co

Answer 27

Injection of Co-deficient sheep and cattle with Vitamin B12 was as effective as feeding Co in curing the disease Injection of Co had no effect Microbial synthesis of Vitamin B12 was the key!

Answer 28

``` More research needed about: Nickel Aluminum Silicon Vanadium Arsenic Boron ```

Minerals Flashcards

(52 cards)