Protein

Question 1

What type of bonds do proteins form?

Answer 1

peptide bonds

Question 2

What are some examples of proteins?

Answer 2

canola seed, canola meal, soybean, dry distillers grains, corn gluten meal, and urea.

Question 3

What are amino acids?

Answer 3

building blocks for protein

Question 4

What do amino acids consist of?

Answer 4

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain

Question 5

nonpolar=

Answer 5

hydrophobic

Question 6

polar=

Answer 6

hydrophilic

Question 7

What is a protein?

Answer 7

biopolymer made up of repeating units of amino acids linked to each other by a peptide bond

Question 8

what type of bond contains 2 amino acids?

Answer 8

dipeptide

Question 9

what type of bond contains 3 amino acids?

Answer 9

tripeptide

Question 10

what type of bond contains 2-20 amino acids?

Answer 10

oligopeptides

Question 11

what type of bond contains 20 or more amino acids?

Answer 11

polypeptides

Question 12

what is an essential/indispensable amino acid?

Answer 12

an amino acid that cannot be synthesized, therefore must be supplied in the diet.

Question 13

how many essential amino acids are there?

Answer 13

8-10 depending on the species and physiological state

Question 14

What are 4 common essential amino acids?

Answer 14

Lysine, Methionine, Valine, Tryptophan

Question 15

what is methionine?

Answer 15

sulfur containing acid
most limiting amino acid
**if there is enough methionine, it can synthesize cysteine.

Question 16

Lysine+Methionine-

Answer 16

cysteine

Question 17

What is a nonessential/dispensible amino acid?

Answer 17

amino acids that the body can synthesize.
if you do not have enough of these, it can increase your need for essential amino acids.
there are 10-12 NEAA

Question 18

Name 4 non-essential amino acids

Answer 18

Cysteine
Alanine
Glutamine
Proline

Question 19

What is a conditionally essential amino acid?

Answer 19

Their synthesis can be limited under certain conditions.

Ex- Glutamine, Tyrosine

Question 20

Name 3 conditionally essential amino acids

Answer 20

tyrosine, cysteine, glutamine

Question 21

How to read the Liebigs Barrel

Answer 21

shortest stave=1st limiting amino acid

Question 22

What is biological value?

Answer 22

the ability of a specific dietary protein to supply amino acids in the relative amounts required for protein synthesis by body tissues.
It is influenced by essential amino acids. It is fixed

Question 23

How is protein synthesized?

Answer 23

DNA-Transcription-Translation-Phenotype

Question 24

What is transcription?

Answer 24

converts DNA to mRNA

Question 25

What is translation?

Answer 25

converts info in mRNA to a polypeptide chain.

Question 26

what is cell signaling of protein synthesis?

Answer 26

cell first receives signals up or down regulation -turning of protein on or off

Question 27

what is a gene?

Answer 27

a region of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product

Question 28

What is a complete protein

Answer 28

contains all AA you need

Question 29

what is an incomplete protein?

Answer 29

doesn't have all required AA for protein synthesis

Question 30

What is a high quality protein?

Answer 30

complete protein | contains adequate amount of AA

Question 31

what is a low qualtity protein?

Answer 31

lacks one or more essential amino acid

Question 32

What is nutritive value determined by?

Answer 32

digestibility

Question 33

primary structure in nutritive value

Answer 33

amino acid polypeptide chain

Question 34

What is nutritive value related to?

Answer 34

folding of protein

Question 35

What is the product of altering protein quality?

Answer 35

genetic modification and engineering GMO's contains protein with more lysine and tryptophan

Question 36

Protein Structure

Answer 36

``` "form follows function" order of AA in chain length of polypeptide chain interactions within chain, between chains, with other components -folding, interfolding, coiling ```

Question 37

order of structures

Answer 37

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 38

What is the primary structure?

Answer 38

the sequence of amino acids in a single polypeptide chain - it is critical to protein function - impacts nutritive value through EAA composition and chemical and physical properties

Question 39

what is the secondary structure?

Answer 39

folding of a protein as a result of hydrogen bonds that form between carboxyl and amino groups in the peptide backbone common patterns: alpha-helix and beta-folded sheets

Question 40

what is the tertiary structure?

Answer 40

3-dimensional folding and coiling of polypeptide chain into globular structure caused by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions

Question 41

what is the quaternary structure?

Answer 41

``` interactive interfolding of several polypeptide chains to form a single functional protein function determined by: shape, components ```

Question 42

what does hemoglobin transport?

Answer 42

oxygen

Question 43

what are some diseases of improper folding?

Answer 43

sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, cancers, alzheimers

Question 44

what is denaturation?

Answer 44

change (unfolding and unraveling) in protein tertiary and quaternary structure caused by physical agitation, heat, acid, and alcohol

Question 45

what are some biological functions of proteins?

Answer 45

structural and mechanical roles, catalysis, cell signaling and immune function, fluid balance and pH regulation, transport, source of energy

Question 46

what are examples of structural role in biological functions?

Answer 46

collagen, keratin

Question 47

what are examples of mechanical role in biological functions?

Answer 47

motor proteins (make muscles work)

Question 48

what is catalysis?

Answer 48

proteins that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions without being used up or destroyed in the process ex: amylase, lactase, cellulase, sucrase

Question 49

What do hormones have to do with cell signaling?

Answer 49

chemical messengers that are made in one part of the body but act on cells in other parts of the body ex: insulin, testosterone, estrogen

Question 50

immune function

Answer 50

immunoglobulins, antibodies y-shaped proteins that attack and inactivate bacteria and viruses that cause infection ex of immunoglobulins: igg, iga, igm

Question 51

what is fluid balance?

Answer 51

movement of fluid between intravascular and interstitial space dependent on: pumping action of heart, osmotic pressure, albumin

Question 52

what is an edema?

Answer 52

disruption of body fluid balance | fluid build up in the limbs

Question 53

transport proteins

Answer 53

transport substances across cell membranes, transport substances in blood ex: hemoglobin (transports oxygen) and lipoproteins (transports lipids)