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HLTHPSYC 122 > Intro to Behaviour, Health & Development > Flashcards

Intro to Behaviour, Health & Development Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of Lay Theories of Health & Illness

A

Feeling - a general sense of wellbeing
Symptom orientation - The absence of symptoms of disease
Performance -The things that a person who is physically fit is about to do

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2
Q

Determinants of health and their contribution to premature death

A

Genetic predisposition - 30%
Social circumstances - 15%
Environmental exposure - 5%
Health care - 10%
Behaviour patterns - 40%

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3
Q

Biomedical model

A

Health professions are organised around a disease model. Effort goes into identification & diagnosis of acute & chronic medical conditions. It doesn’t address clinical conditions that may have multiple behavioural, social and environmental causes.

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4
Q

Psychosomatic medicine

A

Mind and body are involved in illness. Investigation between physiological and psychological factors involved.

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5
Q

Biopsychosocial lifespan model components

A

Psychological
Biological
Social
contribute to health & wellness.

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6
Q

Psychological component: Cognition

A

Thoughts, beliefs and attitudes
Health risk appraisal (how worried are you about health issues)
Self efficacy (self belief)

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7
Q

Psychological component: Behaviour

A

Adoption and maintenance of health behaviours

Operant conditioning - behaviours that are reinforcing are more likely to be repeated

Albert Bandura - Social learning theory -> Emphasised modeling, cognitive process

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8
Q

Psychological component: Emotion

A

Emotional regulation, mood, affect
Emotional appraisal
Emotional disclosure

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9
Q

Biopsychosocial model and Covid-19: Biological

A

Symptoms and illness, infection spread, underlying medical conditions, immune response, new variants

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10
Q

Biopsychosocial model and Covid-19: Social

A

Public health measures, vaccine rollout, working in essential services, access to health care, scale of outbreak, socioeconomic factors, ethnic minority

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11
Q

Biopsychosocial model and Covid-19: Pyschological

A

Cognitive - Health risk perception, vaccine hesitancy
Behavioural, health risk & protective behaviours
Emotional - responding to threats with anger, disbelief

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12
Q

Biopsychosocial model and Covid-19: Lifespan

A

Older age increased risk, different age groups susceptible to different variants, children have milder symptoms and less infection risk, increased resistance to behaviour change

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13
Q

Life course health & development model shows

A

Evidence that early experiences have long term consequence for health

Health is a consequence of multiple factors operating in biopsychosocial contexts

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14
Q

The scientific method

A

Identify a research method
Propose a hypothesis
Choose a research method/design
Collect data
Draw conclusions

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15
Q

Key features of good research

A

A theoretical framework
A standardised procedure
Generalisability
Objective measurement

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16
Q

Generalisability

A

Definition: Extent to which study findings apply to broader populations or different contexts.
Key Concept: Ensures relevance and usefulness beyond the immediate study sample.
Importance: Critical for validating research outcomes in diverse settings.

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17
Q

Relability

A

Definition: Consistency of a measure or test over time.
Key Concept: A reliable measure yields the same results under consistent conditions.
Importance: Ensures that results are repeatable and dependable.

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18
Q

Validity

A

Definition: Accuracy of a measure or test in assessing what it is intended to measure.
Key Concept: A valid measure truly reflects the concept it aims to measure.
Importance: Ensures that results are meaningful and accurately represent the phenomenon being studied.

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19
Q

Key feature of experimental researches

A

Manipulation of independent variable
Random assignment of participants to conditions

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20
Q

Experiment designs: Pros and cons

A

Pros - can make causal claims, high internal validity

Limitations - random assignment sometimes impossible, sometimes unethical, can be low external validity

21
Q

Internal validity

A

Shows whether a study accurately measures a causal relationship

22
Q

External validity

A

Focuses on whether the findings can be applied to a broader population

23
Q

Correlational research designs

A

Correlation research examines the degree to which two variables are related. A correlation is when changes in one variable are accompanied by changes in another variable

24
Q

Correlational design pros and cons

A

Pros: Help us predict behaviours/outcomes
Could suggest a potential cause and effect relationship
Can allow researchers to examine relationships among variables that cannot be investigated by experimental research.
Reveals naturally occurring relationships

Cons: Cannot infer cause and effect and why

25
Descriptive/observational research methods
Observing and describing subjects behaviours, beliefs, health and abilities as they naturally occur e.g Surveys & interviews, naturalistic and laboratory observations, clinical case study, biological & neurobiological techniques
26
Naturalistic observations
Observe behaviour in its natural setting, attempt to avoid influencing or controlling it.
27
Pros and cons of naturalistic
Pros - High external validity, collect realistic picture, generate new ideas Cons - Must wait for behaviour to occur naturally, usually small scale, may not be representative, low internal validity, cause and effect difficult to establish
28
Laboratory/clinic observation Pros/cons
Strengths - better control of potential confounds in environment, specialised equipment for precise measurement, can find associations Cons - surroundings (lab clinic) may affect results, difficult to infer cause and effect
29
Case studies
Observe one or a very few subjects in great depth, usually over a long period of time
30
Case studies pros and cons
Pros - only method appropriate for very unusual case, provide insight for future research Cons - problems with generalising the results - anecdotal, difficult to infer cause and effect
31
Surveys and interviews
Self/parent/teacher alternative report data from groups of people
32
Surveys and interview Pros/cons
Pros - can collect wide range of info that researches cannot observe e.g attitudes, beliefs, behaviours Cons - subjects may forget or lack insight, multiple informants or methods often used to combat this, essential that sample is representative of population
33
Types of human developmental study designs
Longitudinal and cross-sectional
34
Longitudinal design
Data collected on the same group over two or more time points
35
Longitudinal design pros and cons
Pros - can examine change over time, can examine associations between early experiences and later behaviour/development Cons - time, expense, attrition
36
Cross-sectional study
Compare people of different ages at one time point
37
Cross-sectional study- Pros/cons
Pros - quick & inexpensive to carry out Limitations - cannot detect changes within an individual, correlations hard to interpret.
38
Common issues in research
Bias - through subject expectancies, experimenter expectancies Sampling bias - is the sample representative?
39
Dealing with bias
Double blind studies Experimenter bias also minimised through standardised procedures, objective measurements Sampling biased can be minimised by random assignment, matched control group
40
Confounding variables
Definition: Variables that influence both the dependent and independent variables, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions. Key Concept: They can distort the apparent relationship between variables in a study. Importance: Identifying and controlling for confounders is crucial for ensuring the validity of research findings. Example: In a study on the effect of exercise on weight loss, diet could be a confounding variable, as it influences both exercise habits and weight loss.
41
Te Ara Tika components
Tika - research design - validity, centering Whakapapa - relationships Manaakitanga - cultural & social responsibility Mana - Justice & Equity
42
Correlation coefficient
The strength of the relationship between two variables is described by the correlation coefficient (r) r=1 -strong positive correlation r = 0 - no correlation r=-1 - strong negative correlation
43
Correlation research pros and cons
Pros - high external validity, often fast and cost effective, establishes direction and strength of relationship, allows for examination of relationships Cons - low internal validity, lack of control over variable, can't predict why an association or relationship exists
44
Research ethics that must be approved by an ethic commitee
Informed consent, confidentiality, harm minimization and deception & debriefing.
45
Informed consent
Inform potential participants of all aspects or research What participation involves Benefits/risks of participation Where to get support Right to withdrawal Decision is voluntary
46
Maintaining participant confidentiality
Do not disclose participants contact details or divulge details of data that could make participants identifiable, keep data secure
47
Take steps to minimise harm to participants
The rights, safety & wellbeing of participants are most important, should not be significant advantages or disadvantages of taking part or not
48
The use of deception and debriefing
Withhold true purpose of the study when going through informed consent. Debrief afterwards to explain true purpose & why deception was necessary. Provide support
49
Children as participants
They are vulnerable, not allowed to give informed consent, only from parental consent or consent from guardian and child if possible

HLTHPSYC 122 (7 decks)

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