intro to bioenergetics

Question 1

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 1

energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transforms from one form to another without being depleted

Question 2

bioenergetics

Answer 2

flow and energy exchange within a living system

Question 3

energy conversion example
photosynthesis

Answer 3

endergonic process
solar energy transferred to potential energy in carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

Question 4

energy conversion example
cellular respiration

Answer 4

exergonic process
stored energy in plants couples to chemical compounds for biologic work

Question 5

biologic work in humans
three forms

Answer 5

chemical- biosynthesis of cellular molecules
mechanical-muscle contraction
transport- transfer of substance among cells

Question 6

types of reactions endergonic (endothermic)

Answer 6

energy requiring reaction
absorb heat or energy
ADP + Pi + energy = ATP

Question 7

types of reactions exergonic (exothermic)

Answer 7

energy-yeilding reaction
release energy or heat
ATP = ADP + Pi + energy

Question 8

metabolism

Answer 8

the Toal of all energy transformation that occur in the body

Question 9

ATP

Answer 9

stored chemical energy that links the energy-yeilding (exergonic) and energy requiring (endergonic) functions within all cells

Question 10

hydrolysis

Answer 10

digest or degrade complex carbohydrate, lipid and protien molecules into simpler forms the body absorbs and assimilates
-splits chemical bonds by adding H+ and OH- to the reaction

Question 11

condensation

Answer 11

structural components of nutrients bind together to from more complex molecules and compounds

Question 12

hydrolysis example

Answer 12

sucrose splits (using H2O) into glucose and fructose
dipeptide into 2 amino acids

Question 13

condensation example

Answer 13

two glucose split (H2O is released) into maltose
2 amino acid into dipeptide

Question 14

a reaction where energy is liberated

Answer 14

exergonic

Question 15

a reaction where heat is absorbed

Answer 15

endergonic

Question 16

formation of glycogen from glucose

Answer 16

endergonic

Question 17

breakdown of ATP

Answer 17

exergonic

Question 18

formation of proteins from amino acids

Answer 18

endergonic

Question 19

oxidation and reduction

Answer 19

reactions transfer oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms or electrons

Question 20

types of reactions
oxidation (LEO)

Answer 20

result in loss of electrons

Question 21

types of reactions
reduction (GER)

Answer 21

results in gain of electrons

Question 22

if one substrate is losing electrons, the other is gaining and thus it is a _________ reaction

Answer 22

coupled

Question 23

how to recognize enzymes

Answer 23

typically end with suffix are
ATP hydrolysis - ATPase
lactate hydrolysis - lactase

Question 24

what are enzymes

Answer 24

specialized proteins
substrate
not consumed or altered

Question 25

enzymes
what do they do

Answer 25

act as a biological catalysts
make a reaction more likely

Question 26

how do enzymes work

Answer 26

interact with the reactants of a chemical reaction
reduce activation energy

Question 27

enzyme kinetics
what happens to the rate of a chemical reaction as substrate concentration is increased?

Answer 27

rate will not be affected by the concentration

Question 28

enzyme kinetics
what happens to the rate of a chemical reaction as enzyme concentration is increased

Answer 28

the reaction will occur at a faster rate

Question 29

enzymes
lock and key mechanism

Answer 29

an enzyme combines with substrate to form and enzyme-substrate complex
converts to an enzyme-intermediate complex
converts to an enzyme product complex
disassociates into product + enzyme
enzyme in unchanged

Question 30

enzymes ____________ by binding to the reactant molecules and bringing them into the best position to react with each other

Answer 30

lower the energy of activation

Question 31

lock and key mechanism
enzyme-substrate interaction

Answer 31

enzymes turns on when its active site joins in a “perfect fit” with the substrates active site

ensures that the correct enzyme matches with its specific substrate to perform a particular function

Question 32

co-enzymes

Answer 32

non-protein organic substances (iron, zinc, B-vitamins)
carrier job- intermediary products NAD+
activate otherwise dormant enzymes
assist the enzyme by binding substrate to the enzyme

Question 33

modulators

Answer 33

a molecule that binds to an enzyme at a place other than the active site
regulates the enzyme activity by affecting the enzymes shape or configuration

allosterism: the fact that the modulator causes a change in shape of the enzyme
allosteric modulators can be postive or negative

Question 34

positive modulator

Answer 34

active/stimulator
-increase activity of an enzyme

Question 35

negative modulator

Answer 35

inhibitor
-decreases activity of an enzyme

Question 36

oxidation

Answer 36

loss of electrons
transfer of
oxygen
hydrogen
electrons

Question 37

reduction

Answer 37

gain of electrons (GER)

Question 38

redox reactions

Answer 38

coupled reactions of oxidation and reduction, one substance losing electrons, the other gaining

Question 39

measuring energy release

Answer 39

oxygen consumption is used to measure energy utilization in humans

oxygen is required for complete combustion of food
metabolism requires oxidation of food
the rate of metabolism is measured by determined the volume of oxygen consumed
max VO2

Question 40

energy absorbing reaction

Answer 40

endergonic

Question 41

energy releasing reaction

Answer 41

exergonic

Question 42

chemical reaction where a substance is split into simpler compounds by the edition of water

Answer 42

hydrolysis

Question 43

formation of more complex compounds from simpler compounds, water molecules released

Answer 43

condensation

Question 44

addition of a phosphate (ADP+P= ATP)

Answer 44

phosphorylation

Question 45

process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP

Answer 45

cellular respiration

Question 46

loss of electrons by a substance

Answer 46

oxidation

Question 47

gain of electrons by a substance

Answer 47

reduction

Question 48

coupled oxidation and reduction- one substance losing electrons the other gaining

Answer 48

redox