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KIN 225 > Training Adaptations Part 1 structural and functional adaptions to training > Flashcards

Training Adaptations Part 1 structural and functional adaptions to training Flashcards

1
Q

factors that modify human strength

A

PA
muscle mass
genetics
nutritional status
endocrine influences
nervous system activation
environmental factors

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2
Q

skeletal muscle adaptation

A
  • nucleus of muscle fibers (cells) contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • DNA contains genetic material that encodes the proteins that are to be made in the cell
    -many changes (adaptations) that occur within the muscle occurs at the level of the genes
    -ribonucleic acid is a molecule that transcribes (copies) a portion of DNA and takes it out of the nucleus for protein synthesis
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3
Q

transcription

A

mRNA copies a message from DNA

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4
Q

translation

A

amino acids match up with mRNA

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5
Q

muscle cell modelling

A

exercise activates a gene sequence on DNA
mRNA copies a message from DNA
transcription
mRNA leaves the nucleus
amino acids match up with RNA
translation
a protein is degraded

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6
Q

genotype

A

describes your type of genes

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7
Q

phenotype

A

describes the outward appearance of muscle
(usually reflect genotype)

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8
Q

protein degradation see slide

A
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9
Q

overview (how translation, transcription)

A

genes activated, in turn activate transcription and translation of messenger RNA and stimulate protein synthesis
- particularly the protein filaments (if talking about muscle)

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10
Q

protein degradation overview

A

protein synthesis
myofibrils (actin and myosin )
thicken and increase in sarcomere #

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11
Q

responses of satellite cells to resistance training
proliferation
differentiation

A

multiplication from one to many cells=proliferation
development of a cell = differentiation

both will occur to satellite cells with resistance training

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12
Q

resistance training
_______ the number of satellite cells and myonuclei

A

increases

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13
Q

resistance training
Satellite cells are incorporated into the muscle fiber as ______

A

new myonuclei

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14
Q

resistance training
new myonuclei results in increased __________

A

protein synthesis

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15
Q

responders vs non-responders to resistance training

A

people who has great number of satellite before a resistance training program had greater muscle hypertrophy after the program

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16
Q

myogenic regulatory factors
MRFs

A

these are proteins known as “transcription” factors
they turn on transcription
they are involved with satellite cell activation
they are increased with resistance training

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17
Q

myostatin

A

a protein that halts satellite cell activation

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18
Q

absence of myostatin

A

increase protein

larger and stronger

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19
Q

myostatin is found to _____- with resistance training

A

decrease

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20
Q

therapeutic use of myostatin

A

potential use for diseases characterized by significant muscle wasting
- review of studies on myostatin blocking suggest research still very much in development stages

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21
Q

supplements

A

buyer beware

-creatine monohydrate
-leucine
-glutamate

22
Q

protein turnover

A

-cycle of synthesis and degradation
-types of proteins important for exercise

23
Q

protein turnover
types of proteins important for exercise

A

contractile proteins
regulatory Proteins
mitochondrial proteins
enzymes

24
Q

true or false
mRNA translates info from DNA to combine with amino acids through the process of transcription

A

false

25
Q

true or false
satellite cells increase in response to resistance response to resistance training and become myonuclei

A

true

26
Q

true or false
an abundance of myostatin allows for excessive muscle growth

A

false

27
Q

what specialized cells are activated with exercise training to increase the number of nuclei in muscle fibers?

A

satellite cells

28
Q

what types of protein can these new nuclei produce in response to
endurance training

A

mitochondrial protein, oxidative enzymes

29
Q

what types of protein can these new nuclei produce in response to
strength training

A
30
Q

muscular adaptations with aerobic endurance training

A

increases in mitochondrial protein
mitochondrial protein = oxidative enzymes

31
Q

enzymes in the mitochondria

A

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, = lots of energy (ATP)
oxidative enzymes: slow but efficient

32
Q

oxygen transport improves
increase in capillarization

A

increased capillary density
= # of capillaries/fiber area
capillaries: deliver blood which contains oxygen

hemoglobin: oxygen carrier in the blood
Myoglobin: oxygen carrier in the muscle

33
Q

oxygen transport improves
increase # of mitochondria

A

increase mitochondrial density
site of oxygen utilization in the muscle

34
Q

effects of increased capillarization

A

as capillaries increase in number, the velocity of blood flowing past the muscle decreases

this allows a grater diffusion of oxygen from hemoglobin in blood to the muscle cell

in the muscle cell (fiber) oxygen is carried by myoglobin to the mitochondria

in the mitochondria, oxygen is used to breakdown fats, carbohydrates and proteins for fuel

35
Q

increased oxygen utilization

A

more oxygen to muscles= more ATP from aerobic metabolism
max VO2= indicator of aerobic fitness
- the more O2 utilized the greater level fitness

36
Q

factors that modify the expression of human strength
neural factors include:

A

more efficient neural recruitment patterns
increased CNS activation
improved motor unit coordination
lowered neural inhibitory reflexes
inhibition of GTO

neural accounts for most initial strength gains

37
Q

factors modifying strength overview
muscular changes include increases in

A
  • muscle size = hypertrophy
    -enzymes phosphofructokinase (PFK), creatine and myokinase
    -resting levels of ATP and phosphocreatine
    -strength of tendons and ligaments
    -bone mineral content
38
Q

factors modifying strength overview
muscular changes include decreases in

A

% body fat
mitochondria density

39
Q

what is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A

Hyperplasia = more cells
hypertrophy= larger muscle cells

40
Q

which one is more likely to occur with resistance training with regards to skeletal muscle fibers

A

increase in size (hypertrophy)

41
Q

which skeletal muscle fibers are most likely to respond to resistance training with an increase in size

A

Type II are most likely
You will get it in both, but type II have increased potential for hypertrophy

42
Q

adaptations to resiatcne training

A

hyperplasia: an increase in the number of cells (muscle fibers)

hypertrophy: an increase in the size of cells (muscle fibers

hypertrophy is more likely to occur with resistance training

43
Q

evidence of hyperplasia

A

some in animal studies (cats, birds)

humans studies
- autopsies
CSA of individual fibers of body builders
anabolic steroids
genetics

44
Q

estimated muscle fiber number
study of bodybuilder vs. non-bodybuilder

A

-no difference in estimated muscle fiber number
-larger muscles in body builders was due to larger muscle fibers (hypertrophy)

45
Q

estimated muscle fiber number

A

-estimation of muscle fiber number before and after a few months of resistance training
-no change in estimated fiber number
there was a significant increase in muscles fiber size (hypertrophy)

46
Q

adaptations to resistance training (continued)

both ______ show hypertrophy with strength training

________ have greater potential for hypertrophy than _________

A

muscle fiber hypertrophy (increase in size)
type I and type II fibers

type II type I

47
Q

adaptations to restiance training programs

A

see slide

48
Q

fiber type shifting in resistance training

A

type IIX to type IIa
no shift between type 1 and type 2 (from training)

49
Q

why is there a shift to a “slower” type (resistance training)

A

this may allow more economical cross bridge cycling
cross-bridges cycle at a slower rate to allow increase force of contraction
remember force velocity curve

50
Q

shift with training
fast glycolytic (Iix) to Fast oxidative glycolytic (IIa)

A

FG
- less mitochondria
-less capillaries
-less myoglobin

FOG
- more mitochondria
-more capillaries
-more myoglobin

KIN 225 (10 decks)

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