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Anthropology 126P > intro to bone biology > Flashcards

intro to bone biology Flashcards

literally not fucking die (90 cards)

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1
Q

What is paleopathology?

A

Study of ancient diseases & the reconstruction of past human health & activity patterns

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2
Q

what is a primary source of evidence for paleopathology?

A

human remains

>mineralized bone

>mummified tissue

>fossilized poop

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3
Q

whats a secondary source of evidence for paleopathology?

A

texts & art

>texts discussing diseases

>anatomical images

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4
Q

besides human remains, text, and art, what’s another source of evidence for discussing paleopathology?

A

molecular evidence

>ancient DNA (aDNA)

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5
Q

What is trauma?

A

injury to bone from an outside (extrinsic) source

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6
Q

what are metabolic disorders?

A

nutritional problems.

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7
Q

what is scurvy?

A

a metabolic disorder.

Vitamin C deficiency characterized by excessive bleeding & irregular bone growth.

layers of new bone growing on the normal bone surface

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8
Q

what is rickets?

A

a metabolic disorder.

vitamin D deficiency that causes a softening/weakening of the bones; poor mineralization of bones

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9
Q

Infectious diseases

A

caused by pathogenic organisms that live in/on our bodies

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10
Q

what is periostitis?

A

Infectious disease -> joint disease.

can be acquired as a result of trauma; overuse of the periostium

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11
Q

What are joint diseases?

A

breakdown of cartilage.

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12
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

infectious disease -> joint disease

infection of the bone from the inside; can occur when a bone breaks and bacteria enters the system.

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13
Q

what are congenital diseases?

A

diseases you’re born with

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14
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

excess fluid in the brain which can put pressure on the brain & cause the skull to swell; causing damage

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15
Q

What is achondroplasia

A

genetic bone growth disorder where cartilage doesn’t convert into bone, causing dwarfism

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16
Q

What qualifies as dental disease?

A

caries (attrition)

enamel hypoplasia

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

what are caries?

A

cavities; decaying of tooth

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19
Q

What is enamel hypoplasia?

A

seen in childhood; thin enamel making teeth vulnerable to decay

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20
Q

give an example of a human cultural practice that alters bone appearance

A

modern human had their cranium intentionally deformed in childhood.

>when the human was an infant, they bound its head so that it could only grow posteriorly

chinese foot binding

>sign of wealth

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21
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

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22
Q

what is paleoepidemiology?

A

use of epidemiological methods & models to understand disease processes, and their impact on ancient populations

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23
Q

What is Mortuis vivis praecipiant?

A

A term meant to justify what we do with the deceased: Let the dead teach the living.

Dead people teach us how to protect patterns in disease – we wouldn’t know anything about anatomy if it wasnt for dead ppl; how to understand anatomy & decomposition

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24
Q

Why do we care about diseases of the past?

A
  1. Helps us understand the history of our diseases & the risk factors for them
  2. We have genes in our genome that shouldn’t be there – but are there because they help cut certain infectious diseases we’ve been exposed to.
  3. Altered dead version of diseases we have a history of, in order to use as a basis of vaccines
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25
What are the functions of bone? (5)
1. Bear weight 2. fulcrum for muscle activity 3. protection 4. centers for blood-producing tissues 5. mineral storage
26
How do bones bear weight?
1. maximize compression, shear, and bending strength 2. provide surface area for joints 3. provide places for attachments for muscles 4. minimize weight being beared
27
how are bones centers for blood?
they produce hematopoeitic tissues.
28
Plane of reference: sagittal
divides the body into left & right parts
29
plane of reference: coronal
divides the body into dorsal & ventral parts (back and belly)
30
plane of reference: transverse
divides the body into superior and inferior parts (cuts horizontal -\> top & bottom)
31
Anatomical terminology: superior vs inferior
top vs bottom
32
anatomical terminology: anterior vs posterior
front vs back
33
anatomical terminology: ventral vs dorsal
front side vs back side
34
anatomical terminology: medial vs lateral
towards the middle vs further away from the midline
35
anatomical terminology: proximal vs distal
proximal: closer to the torso distal: further away from the torso
36
anatomical terminology: endocranial vs ectocranial
endocranial: inside the cranium exocranial: outside the cranium
37
anatomical terminology: palmar vs plantar
palmar: palm of hand plantar: bottom of foot
38
how much of the bone composition is organic, and how much is inorganic? Why is it this way?
1/3 organic & 2/3 inorganic needs to be both strong & flexible \>inorganic: all shatter \>organic: too bendy
39
What makes up the organic bone composition
90% collagen osteocalcin
40
what makes up the inorganic component
95% hydroxyapatite \>calcium \>phosphate
41
examples of long tubular bones
humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula
42
examples of flat tabular bones
pelvis, cranium
43
examples of blocky/irregular bone
tarsals, vertebral column have a specific function
44
what are pneumatic bones
irregular bones which contain _big air spaces_ lined with mucous membrane \>typically in skull bones \>makes the skull light EX: maxilla,
45
what are sesamoid bones?
tiny bones embedded in tendons of hands & feet
46
What is diaphysis
the shaft/central portion of a long bone; primary ossification center
47
what is epiphyasis?
the end part of a long bone; secondary ossification site
48
what is metaphysis?
narrow portion of a long bone between epiphysis & diaphysis contains the growth plate
49
what is periosteum?
a thin membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones protection & channel for blood supply
50
what is the endosteum
a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.
51
what is immature bone (bone structure)
woven/fiber/phase I bone the first bone to develop in prenatal life. exists temporarily and is replaced with mature bone with growth forms rapidly, characterizes the embryonic skeleton, sites of fracture repair, and in bone tumors
52
what are mature bones? (bone structure)
bone tissue that is orderly, organized structure produced by the repeated addition of lamellae to bone surfaces during **appositional growth**
53
what is mature compact bone
needs to be nourished....... this card is unfinished
54
What is Wolff's Law
bone is laid down where needed, and resorbed where not
55
What are the types of bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
56
What are osteoblasts?
bone-forming cells; _brings_ the bone
57
what are osteocytes
mature bone cell; maintains bone structure; bury the bone
58
what are osteoclasts
bone-destroying cells; _chews_ the bone
59
what is intramembranous ossification
bone tissue deposited on embryonic connective tissue membrane (cranial flat bones)
60
what is endochondral ossification
bone tissue deposited on an early hyaline cartilage model (most other bone, long bones, and bones at base of skull)
61
what is appositional growth
new bone on top of surface; grows in length & width
62
Cellular process involved with lesion may be: (4)
1. Blastic (bone-forming; healing or sclerotic/rounded) 2. Lytic (bone-destroying, round, sharp) 3. Combination of blastic & lytic 4. May have alteration in bone shape/size/density related to pathological presses
63
What is callus?
the bony healing tissue that forms around the ends of broken bone
64
What is leprosy?
lesions on face; lytic (bone-destroying) process osteoclastic lesions on the maxilla is associated with leprosy
65
What is tuberculosis?
combination of osteoclastic (lytic) & osteoblastic processes (sclerotic) bacterial infection edges sharp/not healed
66
what is ontogeny
development of an organism from fertilization to its mature form
67
How can we begin to identify abnormal variation?
by first understanding the _range_ of normal variation & the _causes_ of variation
68
What is the relation between geography/culture & disease?
EX: sickle cell anemia is found in high rates in places where theres malaria \>\>there's no malaria Finland because of the nature of the environment. \>\>mosquitos don't do well in cold places; mosquitos are vectors for malaria EX: Don't see much vitamin D deficiency in the Near East \>\>vitamin D deficiency comes from a lack of exposure to sunlight \>\>UNLESS, cultural causes (covering up the body, sequestering women) EX: expect to see high rates of certain types of pelvic fractures for populations in mountainous regions
69
best way to make Estimates of age of skeleton
more accurate way to obtain age estimates on juveniles is through _dental eruption_ & development
70
what is syphilis?
bacterial infection (infectious disease)
71
factors that lead to variation in the human skeleton
1. age 2. sex 3. geographic or population based 4. idiosyncratic or individual variation
72
How can we determine sex?
Sex can be determined for _adults only_ using macromorphological assessment (looking at it with eyes) \>only when adult has passed the age of puberty \>\>the point at which sex-distinguishing characteristics tend to develop (possible bc of sexual dimorphism)
73
What is seriation?
ordering from largest to smallest, most gracile to most robust, etc. gives you the range of variation within a large population (with the assumption being that when it comes to sex, the more smaller/gracile the range of variation, its going to be female. larger/robust goign to be male)
74
SWGANTH standard guidelines for assessing sex from macromorphoscopic analysis (4)
1. Sub adults \<12yo: unacceptable 2. adolescents 13-17yo: possible; reliability strongly variable 3. adults: reliability varies, but can approach \>95% probability of correct id 4. to increase reliability of assessment, assess as many traits as possible
75
What is an osteon
a cylindrical tube inside of mature bones
76
what is a haversian canal
located in the center of an osteon, has an artery, vein, & nerve.
77
what is a canaliculi
ossified channels that extend from the lacunae throughout the compact bone
78
What processes are being used in the film (BBC History Cold Case)
osteological & paleopathological analysis \> find evidence of trauma, metabolic disorder, infection, & infectious diseases, joint disease, congenital disease \>consider the range of normal variation (considering age, sex, development, and idiosyncratic) \>differential diagnosis of various diseases (every possible disease that could be responsible for the lesions observed)
79
what is the sciatic notch?
located in the ilium (pelvic area)
80
What does a wider curve in the sciatic notch indicate?
most likely the individual is a female
81
how to identify sex with pelvis
female pelvis is wider & longer due to child bearing Issue w/ this method: noticeable differences wont appear until the individual is 15+yo
82
how to identify sex with skull
male skulls have bigger sloping foreheads & larger muscle insertion sites
83
what is the epiphyseal fusion & closure
_epiphyseal plates_: hyaline cartilage plates at the end of metaphysis of long bones; plate is found in children & adolescents in adults, this plate is replaced with the _epiphyseal closure_
84
what happens to epiphyseal plates if there are defects in developmental?
continued division of epiphyseal plates lead to growth disorders EX: achondroplasia (cartilage deformation) -\> dwarfism
85
what is attrition
the wearing off of teeth
86
what is dentine
the yellow portion of the teeth
87
what does the cranial suture closure tell you about age
it fuses by 1 year of age. 0 = open (see through space) 1 = minimal closure 2 = significant closure 3 = complete obliteration
88
what is the pubic symphysis, and what does it tell you about age
1. where the pelvic bone meets 2. the more you walk, the more worn out the bone will be (ridge around the bone smooths out) \>older = more worn out \>wears quickly for athletes
89
what is trabecular bone (aka cancellous bone)?
formed by tiny bony spicules (trabeculae) found at the ends of long bones in the pelvis, ribs, skull, and vertebrae in the spinal column spongy, porous, lightweight bone -- found under protuberances where tendons attach, in the vertebral bodies in the ends of long bones, in short bones, and sandwiched between flat bones
90

Anthropology 126P (6 decks)

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