Intro to Brain & Behaviour Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
Why study the Brain and Behaviour?
A
How the brain produces behaviour is still a major unanswered scientific question
Understanding brain function will allow improvements in many aspects of our daily lives: medical advancements, educational systems, economic systems and social systems
2
Q
What are the 2 representations in the head?
A
1) Mental representation
2) Neural representation
3
Q
Define Mental Representation.
A
The sense in which properties of the outside world (e.g. colours, objects) are copied/simulated by cognition
4
Q
The sense in which properties of the outside world (e.g. colours, objects) are copied/simulated by cognition is know as..?
A
Mental Representation
5
Q
Define Neural Representation
A
The way in which properties of the outside world manifest themselves in the neural signal (e.g. different spiking rates for different stimuli)
6
Q
The way in which properties of the outside world manifest themselves in the neural signal (e.g. different spiking rates for different stimuli) is known as…?
A
Neural Representation
7
Q
Studies of animal brains, patients with brain damage, and neuroimaging have enabled scientists to understand ….?
A
The structure and function of the brain
8
Q
What does Anterior/Rostral mean in the Nervous system?
A
The front part of the brain
9
Q
What does Posterior/Caudal mean in the Nervous system?
A
The back part of the brain
10
Q
The front part of the brain is called…?
A
Anterior/Rostral
11
Q
The back part of the brain is called…?
A
Posterior/Caudal
12
Q
What does Dorsal mean in the Nervous system?
A
The top part of the brain
13
Q
What does Ventral mean in the Nervous system?
A
The bottom part of the brain
14
Q
The top part of the brain is called…?
A
Dorsal
15
Q
The bottom part of the brain is called…?
A
Ventral
16
Q
What does Lateral mean in the Nervous system?
A
Part of the brain that is towards the side
17
Q
What does Medial mean in the Nervous system?
A
Part of the brain that is towards the middle
18
Q
What does Ipsilateral mean in the Nervous system?
A
Same side
19
Q
What does Contralateral mean in the Nervous system?
A
Opposite side
20
Q
Define Transverse section in brain slices
A
Right angle to the neuraxis
21
Q
Brain slice right angle to the neuraxis is known as…?
A
Transverse section
22
Q
Define Sagittal Section in brain slices
A
Parallel to neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground
23
Q
The brain slice parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground is known as…?
A
Sagittal Section
24
Q
Define Horizontal Section in brain slices
A
Parallel to the ground
25
The brain slice parallel to the ground is known as...?
Horizontal Section
26
What are the 3 types of brain slices and planes?
1) Transverse section
2) Sagittal section
3) Horizontal section
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What are the 2 types of nervous systems?
1) Central nervous system
2) Peripheral nervous system
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What 2 things are part of the central nervous system?
Brain and Spinal Cord
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What are the 2 types of nervous systems in the peripheral nervous system?
1) Somatic NS
2) Automatic NS
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Brain & spinal cord are in which nervous system?
Central Nervous System
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Cranial nerves & spinal nerves are in which nervous system?
Peripheral Nervous System
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What are the 2 nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System
1) Cranial nerves
2) Spinal nerves
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What are the 5 characteristics of the brain?
1) Soft, jellylike structure; weight = 1400g
2) Large mass of neurons, glia and other supporting cells
3) The brain accounts for only 2% of body weight
4) In the liver, any given area performs the exact same function as another. In the brain, although similar in appearance, areas support different functions
5) The most protected organ in the body encased in a tough bony skull and floating in CSF fluid
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How much does the brain account for our body weight?
2%
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How much blood supply does the brain use?
20%
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How much oxygen does the brain consume through the blood supply?
15-20%
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How many miles of blood vessels does the human brain contain?
400 miles
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What is the purpose of the large hole in the ventral part of the human skull?
Passage of the spinal cord
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What is the name of the hole we have at the ventral part of our skull?
Foramen Magnum
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Define Meninges
Layers of membranes which protect the brain and spinal cord
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What is the term used to describe this?
Layers of membranes which protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
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How many Meninges are there?
3
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What are the 3 Meninges?
1) Dura Mater
2) Arachnoid
3) Pia Mater
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Which meninge is the tougher, outer layer?
Dura Mater
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Which meninge is flexible?
Dura Mater
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Which meninge is a web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain?
Arachnoid
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Which meninge is like a sheet of cellophane that is draped over the brain and does not dip into the valleys of the brain contour?
Arachnoid
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Which meninge is the delicate inner layer?
Pia Mater
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Which meninge is the last layer of the meninges, which adheres to the surface of the brain?
Pia Mater
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What is the term used to describe the space between the arachnoid and pia mater?
The subarachnoid space
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Define the subarachnoid space
The space between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
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Define ventricles
A set of hollow chambers within the brain filled with CSF
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What is the term used to define a set of hollow chambers within the brain filled with CSF?
Ventricles
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What are the 4 ventricles?
1) Lateral Ventricles
2) Third Ventricles
3) Cerebral Aqueduct
4) Fourth Ventricle
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What is the name of the fluid that is similar to blood plasma composition and is formed by the choroid plexus to protect the brain?
Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF
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What is Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF formed by?
Formed by the choroid plexus
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What is Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF similar to in terms of composition?
Blood plasma
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What is the purpose of Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF?
Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
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What forms a watery cushion to protect the brain?
Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF
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Where is the Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF circulated?
Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
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What is the total volume of Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF?
125-150 ml
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How many times per day does Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF turn over?
3 to 4 times per day
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What actively secretes Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF?
The brain
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Does Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF get reused/reabsorbed?
Yes
CSF is constantly being made, circulates and is reabsorbed into the bloodstream
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Describe the 5-step circulation of CSF
1) Passes from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen
2) From the third ventricle, the CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) to the fourth ventricle
3) From the fourth ventricle, some CSF flows through a narrow passage called the obex and enters the central canal of the spinal cord. However, the majority of CSF passes through the apertures of the fourth ventricle; the median aperture (of Magendie) and two lateral apertures (of Luschka). Via these openings, the CSF enters the cisterna magna and cerebellopontine cisterns
4) From there, the CSF flows through the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord
5) It is finally reabsorbed into the dural venous sinuses through arachnoid granulations
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Is CSF reabsorbed?
Yes
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What is the condition where infants have excess CSF fluid in the brain
Hydrocephalus
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Describe hydrocephalus
- Excess liquid in the brain
- Head gets bigger and babies bones near the brain can expand
- Excess fluid puts pressure on the brain, which can damage it
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When does the development of the nervous system begin?
Around the eighteenth day after conception
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What happens by the 21st day to the infant's brain?
Ridges of the brain touch each other and fuse together, forming a tube (neural tube) that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord
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What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
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Lateral and Third ventricles are in which major division of the brain?
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
1) Forebrain
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The cerebral aqueduct ventricle is in which major division of the brain?
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
2) Midbrain
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The fourth ventricle is in which major division of the brain?
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
3) Hindbrain
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Which section/division of the brain is the largest?
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
1) Forebrain
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Telencephalon and Diencephalon subdivisions are in which major division of the brain?
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
1) Forebrain
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What 3 principle structures are in the Telencephalon subdivision?
1) Cerebral cortex
2) Basal ganglia
3) Limbic system
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Mesencephalon subdivision is in which major division of the brain?
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
2) Midbrain
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Metencephalon and Myelencephalon subdivisions are in which major division of the brain?
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
3) Hindbrain
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What 2 principle structures are in the Diencephalon subdivision?
1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
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What is the term used to describe this?
A thin, wrinkled layer of tissue covering the brain consisting of two hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex (bark)
82
Define Cerebral Cortex
A thin, wrinkled layer of tissue covering the brain consisting of two hemispheres
83
In order to fit the skull, the cerebral cortex is crumpled to what size?
area 2500cm2
84
How does the dolphin brain compare to the human brain? List 4 differences
1) Dolphin brains have a thin neocortex (about 1.5 mm, compared to 2.9 mm in humans)
2) They have a rather uniform structure of the cortex
3) Dolphin brains are bigger than human brains
4) Dolphin cerebral cortex is more crumpled up than the human cerebral cortex
85
What is different between human and sheep brains? List 1 difference
1) Sheep brains have a less crumpled cerebral cortex than human brains
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What is similar between human and sheep brains? List 2 similarities
1) Both sheep and human brains have 2 hemispheres (right and left)
2) Both sheep and human brains have similar basic structures and functions
87
What are the 2 types of matter in the cerebrum?
1) Grey matter
2) White matter
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What matter is composed of cell bodies of the neurons?
Grey matter
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Define grey matter
The matter that is composed of cell bodies of the neurons
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Define white matter
The matter that is the axons and dendrites of the neurons – bundles of “cables” connecting regions of the brain and spinal cord
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The matter that is the axons and dendrites of the neurons – bundles of “cables” connecting regions of the brain and spinal cord
This is known as...?
White matter
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Which matter is important for information processing?
White matter
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How do the right and left hemispheres communicate?
Corpus Callosum
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Define Corpus Callosum
A nerve track that connects the 2 brain hemispheres
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Where can the cerebral cortex be found?
Telencephalon
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What comes next?
Telencephalon --> Cerebral Cortex --> -----------
Lobes
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What are the 4 types of lobes in the cerebral cortex?
1) Frontal lobe
2) Parietal lobe
3) Occipital lobe
4) Temporal lobe
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Which fissure is in between the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central fissure
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Which fissure is in between the parietal and occipital lobes?
Occipital fissure
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Which fissure is in between the occipital and temporal lobes?
Exoccipital fissure
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Which fissure is in between the temporal and frontal lobes?
Sylvian fissure
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List the lobes in the brain in order
1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Occipital
4) Temporal
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What is the function of Primary cortices?
To generate signals to direct the movement of the body
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Where are primary cortices found?
It is part of the frontal lobe and is anterior to the central fissure
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What are the 4 main types of primary cortices?
1) Primary motor cortex
2) Primary somatosensory cortex
3) Primary visual cortex
4) Primary auditory cortex
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What is somatosensory?
Part of the sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration, which arise from the muscles, joints, skin, and fascia
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Define somatotopic organization
The point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point in the central nervous system
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The point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point in the central nervous system is known as...?
Somatotopic organization
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Describe the primary somatosensory cortex
- It receives information from the body senses
- Different regions receive information from different parts of the body
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- It receives information from the body senses
- Different regions receive information from different parts of the body
Which primary cortex is this?
Primary somatosensory cortex
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Describe the primary motor cortex
Neurons in different regions of the motor cortex connect to muscles in different regions of the contralateral side of the body
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Neurons in different regions of the motor cortex connect to muscles in different regions of the contralateral side of the body
Which primary cortex is this?
Primary motor cortex
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Describe the primary visual cortex
It receives visual information
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It receives visual information
Which primary cortex is this?
Primary visual cortex
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Describe the primary auditory cortex
It receives auditory information
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It receives auditory information
Which primary cortex is this?
Primary auditory cortex
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Describe Brodmann area
A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex defined based on its cytoarchitectonics or structure and organization of cells
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The region of the cerebral cortex defined based on its cytoarchitectonics or structure and organization of cells is known as?
Brodmann area
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How many Brodmann areas are there?
46 areas, each carrying an individual number and some being further subdivided
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Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 are the primary (...........) cortex
Somatosensory
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Brodmann area 17 is the primary (.............) cortex
Visual
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Define the limbic system
Set of structures involved in learning, memory, and emotion
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Set of structures involved in learning, memory, and emotion
What system is this?
Limbic system
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What are the 5 parts of the limbic system?
1) Limbic Cortex
2) Hippocampus
3) Amygdala
4) Fornix
5) Mammillary Bodies (part of the hypothalamus)
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1) Limbic Cortex
2) Hippocampus
3) Amygdala
4) Fornix
5) Mammillary Bodies (part of the hypothalamus)
These are all part of the...?
Limbic system
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Define Basal Ganglia
Set of structures involved in processing information for motor movement
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Set of structures involved in processing information for motor movement is known as?
Basal Ganglia
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Major structures of the basal ganglia motor system include ....?
1) Caudate Nucleus
2) Putamen
3) Globus Pallidus
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1) Caudate Nucleus
2) Putamen
3) Globus Pallidus
These structures are part of the...?
Basal ganglia motor system
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Define Nuclei
A group of neurons of similar shape
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A group of neurons of similar shape is known as?
Nuclei
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Part of the forebrain consisting largely of the thalamus and hypothalamus is known as the...?
Diencephalon
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Define Diencephalon
Part of the forebrain consisting largely of the thalamus and hypothalamus
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Define thalamus
Main sensory relay for all senses (except smell) and the cortex
Nuclei: LGN, MGN
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Main sensory relay for all senses (except smell) and the cortex
This is known as?
Thalamus
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A set of nuclei involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland
This is known as?
Hypothalamus
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Define hypothalamus
A set of nuclei involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland
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Much of the endocrine system controlled by hormones are produced in ....?
The hypothalamus
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What is primarily concerned with the body and its regulation: fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating
a. Hypothalamus
d. Thalamus
a. Hypothalamus
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Define Mesencephalon
Comprised of the tectum and tegmentum
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Comprised of the tectum and tegmentum
What is this?
Mesencephalon
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What are the 2 main features of the Tectum?
1. Superior colliculi – subcortical sensory pathway involved in fast eye movements (vision)
2. Inferior colliculi - part of auditory pathway
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What are superior colliculi in the Tectum?
The subcortical sensory pathway involved in fast eye movements (vision)
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What are inferior colliculi in the Tectum?
Part of the auditory pathway
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Part of the auditory pathway
Is this..?
a. inferior colliculi
b. superior colliculi
a. inferior colliculi
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The subcortical sensory pathway involved in fast eye movements (vision)
Is this..?
a. inferior colliculi
b. superior colliculi
b. superior colliculi
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What are the 3 main features of the Tegmentum?
1. reticular formation
2. red nucleus
3. substantia nigra
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What role does the Tegmentum play?
Motor movement
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Which section of the brain contains both the metencephalon and the myelencephalon?
Hindbrain
150
What does the Hindbrain contain? List 2 things
1) Metencephalon
2) Myelencephalon
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Define Metencephalon
A structure comprised:
1) cerebellum
2) pons
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A structure comprised of the cerebellum and the pons
This is known as?
Metencephalon
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Describe 2 features of the cerebellum
1) appears as a mini-brain
2) involved in motor coordination and smooth execution of movement
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1) appears as a mini-brain
2) involved in motor coordination and smooth execution of movement
These are 2 features of what part of the metencephalon?
Cerebellum
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Describe 3 features of the pons
1) part of the reticular formation
2) involved in sleep and arousal
3) link between cerebellum and cerebrum
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1) part of the reticular formation
2) involved in sleep and arousal
3) link between cerebellum and cerebrum
These are 3 features of what part of the metencephalon?
The Pons
157
What contains the medulla oblongata?
Myelencephalon
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Define Myelencephalon
Contains the medulla oblongata is involved in basic life functions, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing heart rate and wake-sleep cycles.
159
Contains the medulla oblongata is involved in basic life functions, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing heart rate and wake-sleep cycles.
This is known as...?
Myelencephalon
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Define the spinal cord
CNS tissue extending caudally from the medulla in the brain
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CNS tissue extending caudally from the medulla in the brain
This is known as...?
The spinal cord
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What is the function of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
163
The Primary Components of the Spinal Cord are...? List 2
- Dorsal Roots
- Ventral Roots
164
What does the Bell-Magendie Law tell us about human motor and sensory functions?
The Bell-Magendie law showed that the motor and sensory functions are made possible by separate systems that can interact with each other
165
According to the Bell-Magendie Law, is this afferent or efferent?
When dorsal roots carry sensory information to the CNS
Afferent
166
According to the Bell-Magendie Law, is this afferent or efferent?
When ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands away from the CNS
Efferent
167
According to the Bell-Magendie Law, what does afferent mean?
When dorsal roots carry sensory information to the CNS
168
According to the Bell-Magendie Law, what does efferent mean?
When ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands away from the CNS
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Where is the Peripheral Nervous System located?
Outside of the skull and spine
170
What is the purpose of PNS?
Brings information into the CNS and carries signals out of the CNS
171
This nervous system contains somatic and automatic nervous systems
Is this the CNS or PNS?
PNS
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The PNS comprises of 2 different parts. What are they?
1) The somatic nervous system
2) The autonomic nervous systems
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The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system
This is known as...?
The somatic nervous system
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Define the somatic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system
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The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions
This is known as...?
The autonomic nervous systems
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Define the autonomic nervous systems
The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions
177
What are the 2 nerves operating in the somatic nervous system?
1) Cranial nerves
2) Spinal nerves
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What are cranial nerves and spinal nerves involved in?
Processing sensory information and controlling voluntary movement
179
In the somatic nervous system, what are afferent nerves?
Nerves toward the CNS carrying sensory information
180
Nerves toward the CNS carrying sensory information
This is known as...?
Afferent nerves
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In the somatic nervous system, what are efferent nerves?
Nerves away from CNS conveying motor commands
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Nerves away from CNS conveying motor commands
This is known as...?
Efferent nerves
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What are cranial nerves and which nervous system are they part of?
Set of 12 motor and/or sensory nerves attached to the ventral surface of the brain
Sensory and motor functions of the head and neck
Which NS = PNS -----> Somatic NS
184
Are efferent cranial nerves motor or sensory?
Motor
185
Are afferent cranial nerves motor or sensory?
Sensory
186
Define spinal nerves
Peripheral nerves attached to the spinal cord
187
Peripheral nerves attached to the spinal cord
What is this?
Spinal nerves
188
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
189
Where do afferent and efferent spinal nerves travel to?
Travel to muscles and sensory receptors
190
Which nervous system...
- Controls the body’s vegetative functions
- Regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
- Comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves generally have opposite effects
The Autonomic Nervous System
191
Which nervous system controls the body's vegetative functions?
The Autonomic Nervous System
192
List 4 functions of The Autonomic Nervous System
- Controls the body’s vegetative functions
- Regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
- Comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves generally have opposite effects
193
What are the 2 types of Autonomic Nervous System responses?
1) Sympathetic
2) Parasympathetic
194
Which Autonomic Nervous system response is this?
“Fight or flight”
Arousal and preparing the body for the expenditure of energy
1) Sympathetic
2) Parasympathetic
1) Sympathetic
195
Which Autonomic Nervous system response is this?
“Rest and restore” Relaxing the body
1) Sympathetic
2) Parasympathetic
2) Parasympathetic
196
What is the sympathetic automatic nervous system response?
Fight or flight
197
What is the parasympathetic automatic nervous system response?
Rest and restore
