Intro To Child Psychology

Question 1

What is developmental psychology?

Answer 1

The study of human growth and changes across the lifespan including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality, and emotional growth.

Developmental psychology examines how individuals develop and adapt throughout various life stages.

Question 2

Why do we study developmental psychology?

Answer 2

To learn how people grow, develop, and adapt at different life stages, providing insight into the various stages of development and how to support healthy development across the lifespan.

This field helps us understand the factors influencing development.

Question 3

What is child psychology?

Answer 3

A subset of developmental psychology, focusing on conception through adolescence.

Child psychology examines the period of life where the most development occurs.

Question 4

How does studying child psychology help us?

Answer 4

1: Understand Yourself
2: Be a responsible parent or adult in a child’s life
3: Work with children
4: Protect children’s rights

These aspects emphasize the importance of child psychology in personal and social contexts.

Question 5

What does physical development involve?

Answer 5

Growth of the body and the development of both fine and gross motor skills.

Physical development is one of the three main domains of child development.

Question 6

What are the three domains of child development?

Answer 6

Physical, Intellectual, and Social-Emotional Development

Question 7

What is intellectual development?

Answer 7

Includes how people think and learn and how people express what they know through a variety of methods, especially language.

Intellectual development is crucial for understanding cognitive growth in children.

Question 8

What does social-emotional development concern?

Answer 8

Interactions with people and social groups, disposition, and emotions.

This domain highlights the importance of social skills and emotional well-being in children.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Child psychology is a subset of _______.

Answer 9

[developmental psychology]

Question 10

True or False: Developmental psychology only focuses on physical growth.

Answer 10

False

Developmental psychology encompasses physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth.

Question 11

What is the difference between heredity and environment in the context of growth and development?

Answer 11

Heredity refers to traits inherited from blood relatives, while environment encompasses the conditions surrounding a child as they develop.

Question 12

What role does heredity play in a child’s development?

Answer 12

Heredity provides trait potential that can influence growth and development.

Question 13

What factors comprise the environment affecting a child’s development?

Answer 13

Physical and social environment.

Question 14

How do heredity and environment work together?

Answer 14

They combine to shape individuals, with inherited potential influenced by environmental factors.

Question 15

What is an example of the interplay between heredity and environment?

Answer 15

Potential intelligence is inherited, but nutrition, rest, and quality of experiences affect whether this potential is realized.

Question 16

True or False: Interactions between heredity and environment are one-way.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What is the epigenome?

Answer 17

A set of chemicals that can turn genes on or off, influenced by both positive and negative factors.

Question 18

What are the longest-lasting effects on the epigenome?

Answer 18

Experiences occurring from conception to 12 months.

Question 19

What principle states that traits children exhibit today will be traits they will exhibit in adulthood?

Answer 19

Constant development.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Growth is often ______ but is constantly occurring.

Answer 20

slow

Question 21

What principle indicates that individuals change at different times and rates?

Answer 21

Happens at Different Rates.

Question 22

What principle suggests that certain steps and milestones occur in the same order for most people?

Answer 22

Sequential development.

Question 23

What does the principle of interrelated development imply?

Answer 23

All principles interact with each other in complex ways and affect one another.

Question 24

Who is the principal theorist of the Maturational theory?

Answer 24

Arnold Gesell

Question 25

What does the Maturational theory emphasize as determinants of physical and intellectual development?

Answer 25

Heredity and biological maturation

Question 26

Which theorist is associated with the Psychoanalytic theory of child development?

Answer 26

Sigmund Freud

Question 27

What are the three parts of the mind according to Freud's Psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 27

ID, Ego, Superego

Question 28

List the five stages of development in Freud's theory.

Answer 28

* Oral * Anal * Phallic * Latent * Genital

Question 29

Who developed the Psychosocial theory of development?

Answer 29

Erik Erikson

Question 30

What is the main focus of Erikson's Psychosocial theory?

Answer 30

Conflicts between a child's needs and social demands

Question 31

What is the psychosocial crisis/task for infants aged 0-18 months?

Answer 31

Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 32

What do infants develop if their needs are dependably met?

Answer 32

A basic sense of trust

Question 33

What is the psychosocial crisis/task for toddlers aged 18 months to 3 years?

Answer 33

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Question 34

What do toddlers learn during the Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt stage?

Answer 34

To exercise will and do things for themselves

Question 35

What is the psychosocial crisis/task for preschoolers aged 3-5 years?

Answer 35

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 36

What do preschoolers learn during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

Answer 36

To initiate tasks and carry out plans

Question 37

What is the psychosocial crisis/task for children aged 5-13 years?

Answer 37

Industry vs. Inferiority

Question 38

What do children learn during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

Answer 38

The pleasure of applying themselves to tasks

Question 39

What is the psychosocial crisis/task for teens aged 13-21 years?

Answer 39

Identity vs. Confusion

Question 40

What do teens work on during the Identity vs. Confusion stage?

Answer 40

Refining a sense of self by testing roles

Question 41

What is the psychosocial crisis/task for young adults aged 21-40 years?

Answer 41

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Question 42

What struggle do young adults face during the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

Answer 42

Forming close relationships

Question 43

What is the psychosocial crisis/task for middle-aged adults aged 40-65 years?

Answer 43

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question 44

What do middle-aged adults discover during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?

Answer 44

A sense of contributing to the world

Question 45

What is the psychosocial crisis/task for older adults aged 65 years and above?

Answer 45

Integrity vs. Despair

Question 46

What feelings may older adults experience when reflecting on their life during the Integrity vs. Despair stage?

Answer 46

A sense of satisfaction or failure

Question 47

Who are the principal theorists associated with behaviorism?

Answer 47

B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura ## Footnote Other theorists may also contribute to this field.

Question 48

What is the main focus of behaviorism?

Answer 48

How the environment affects observable behaviors ## Footnote This perspective does not consider internal changes such as personality.

Question 49

What are the key concepts studied in behaviorism?

Answer 49

Reinforcement and extinction ## Footnote Reinforcement makes behaviors stronger, while extinction stops them.

Question 50

Name the three main theories associated with behaviorism.

Answer 50

* Operant Conditioning * Social Learning Theory * Classical Conditioning

Question 51

Who is the principal theorist of Cognitive-Developmental theory?

Answer 51

Jean Piaget ## Footnote He lived from 1896 to 1980.

Question 52

What is Piaget's belief about children's thinking?

Answer 52

Children think differently at different ages ## Footnote He believed children construct their knowledge through experiences.

Question 53

What are the three key processes in Piaget's theory?

Answer 53

* Schemas * Accommodation * Assimilation

Question 54

List the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget.

Answer 54

* Sensorimotor (birth-2 years) * Preoperational (2-7 years) * Concrete Operational (7-11 years) * Formal Operational (12+ years)

Question 55

Who is the principal theorist associated with Sociocultural theory?

Answer 55

Lev Vygotsky ## Footnote He lived from 1896 to 1934.

Question 56

What is Vygotsky's disagreement with Piaget's theory?

Answer 56

Children do not totally construct their own knowledge ## Footnote He believed much knowledge is socially constructed.

Question 57

What are the key concepts in Vygotsky's theory?

Answer 57

* Scaffolding * Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Question 58

Who is the principal theorist of Ecological Systems theory?

Answer 58

Urie Bronfenbrenner ## Footnote He lived from 1917 to 2005.

Question 59

What influences development according to Bronfenbrenner?

Answer 59

Heredity and the environment ## Footnote This includes family, friends, schools, and health services.

Question 60

What does Bronfenbrenner's theory highlight about child development?

Answer 60

The many contexts (systems) affect child development ## Footnote It emphasizes indirect environments such as families' workplaces and general culture.

Question 61

Fill in the blank: Piaget's stages of cognitive development include Sensorimotor, Preoperational, ________, and Formal Operational.

Answer 61

Concrete Operational

Question 62

Who is the principal theorist behind Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 62

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) ## Footnote Maslow's work is foundational in psychology, especially regarding human motivation.

Question 63

What is self-actualization in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 63

All needs have been fulfilled to some degree ## Footnote Self-actualization represents the realization of an individual's potential and self-fulfillment.

Question 64

What need is associated with the desire to be liked and respected?

Answer 64

Esteem ## Footnote Esteem needs include both self-esteem and the esteem one receives from others.

Question 65

What is the need for support, assurance, praise, and acceptance called?

Answer 65

Love and Acceptance ## Footnote This need emphasizes the importance of social relationships in human development.

Question 66

What is the need to feel safe in one's surroundings?

Answer 66

Security ## Footnote Security needs encompass physical and emotional safety.

Question 67

What are the basic physical needs according to Maslow?

Answer 67

Air, water, food, clothing, shelter, medical care ## Footnote These are the fundamental requirements for human survival.

Question 68

Who were the principal theorists behind Brazelton and Greenspan's Irreducible Needs?

Answer 68

T. Berry Brazelton (1918-2019) and Stanley I. Greenspan (1941-2010) ## Footnote Their work focuses on the developmental needs of children.

Question 69

List the 7 Irreducible Needs identified by Brazelton and Greenspan.

Answer 69

* Ongoing nurturing relationships * Physical protection, safety, and regulation * Experiences tailored to individual differences * Experiences that are developmentally appropriate * Limit setting, structure, and expectations * Stable communities cultural continuity * Protecting the future ## Footnote These needs highlight essential aspects of child development and well-being.

Question 70

True or False: Theories in psychology are perfect and without limitations.

Answer 70

False ## Footnote Theories are subject to limitations based on environmental factors, biases, and the prevailing knowledge of the time.

Question 71

What factors can limit psychological theories?

Answer 71

Environmental surroundings, bias, knowledge/social norms of the time ## Footnote Understanding these limitations is crucial for interpreting psychological research.

Question 72

What has validated the theories of Maslow, Brazelton, and Greenspan?

Answer 72

Thorough study by countless psychologists through scientific study ## Footnote Despite their limitations, these theories have been extensively researched and supported.