15, 16, & 19 Chapters

Question 1

What is the role of specialization in brain development?

Answer 1

Allows for many new abilities and makes connections more efficient

Question 2

What does symbolic thought refer to?

Answer 2

The ability to use symbols (words, sounds, images, toys, household items, etc.) to represent concrete things

Question 3

What is pretend play?

Answer 3

An extension of deferred imitation; involves symbolic play

Question 4

List the areas in which pretend play develops during preschool years.

Answer 4

• Symbol realism
• Context
• Roles
• Number of actions
• Involvement of others

Question 5

What are mental images?

Answer 5

Symbols of objects and past experiences stored in the mind, functioning as a form of mental representation

Question 6

How do mental images function in preschoolers’ thinking?

Answer 6

• Memories stored as mental images
• Crucial to language meanings (semantics)
• Involved in spatial reasoning
• Plays a role in inventive or creative thinking

Question 7

What is the significance of drawing in preschoolers?

Answer 7

Children attempt to draw objects realistically, mixing skills from pretend play and mental images

Question 8

How does memory capacity change during preschool years?

Answer 8

Increases; refers to what a person does with their memory, not how much is remembered

Question 9

Define working memory.

Answer 9

Improvements allow preschoolers to follow directions, connect events, and play games with rules

Question 10

What is long-term memory in preschoolers?

Answer 10

Continues to form explicit and implicit memories, developing episodic memory

Question 11

What is the preoperational stage according to Piaget?

Answer 11

The stage before acquiring logical thinking skills, spanning from the last year of toddlerhood through preschool years

Question 12

What are the two substages of the preoperational stage?

Answer 12

• Preconceptual substage
• Intuitive substage

Question 13

Describe the preconceptual substage.

Answer 13

Children start to develop and understand some concepts, but many are still incomplete or illogical

Question 14

What occurs during the intuitive substage?

Answer 14

Growth spurt in the brain, refining sensory and motor skills, increasing memory and problem-solving functions

Question 15

What is egocentrism in preschoolers?

Answer 15

The belief that everyone thinks and has the same ideas as they do

Question 16

What are the obstacles to logical thought in preschoolers?

Answer 16

• Egocentrism
• Centration
• Transformations
• Reversibility
• Transductive reasoning
• Problems with cause-and-effect reasoning

Question 17

What is centration?

Answer 17

Focusing attention on only one part of an object or event instead of seeing all parts at the same time

Question 18

Define transductive reasoning.

Answer 18

Mentally linking events without a logical reason, leading to flaws in logic and overgeneralization

Question 19

What is overgeneralization?

Answer 19

The assumption that because something is true for one event or object, it is true for all similar events or objects

Question 20

What is the concept of animism?

Answer 20

Assigning living qualities to inanimate objects

Question 21

What is artificialism?

Answer 21

The belief that everything was made by a real or imaginary person

Question 22

What is finalism?

Answer 22

The belief that everything has an identifiable and understandable purpose

Question 23

At what age do children typically begin sorting and classifying objects?

Answer 23

Around 4 years old

Question 24

What is cognitive flexibility?

Answer 24

The ability to adapt one’s thinking to new and unexpected conditions

Question 25

What are conservation tasks?

Answer 25

Tasks that demonstrate a child's understanding of the concept that quantity doesn't change even when its shape does

Question 26

What is egocentric speech?

Answer 26

Talking as though the listener will understand what they are trying to communicate in the same way

Question 27

What is the 'sensitive period' for language learning?

Answer 27

A period before age 10 where a child can learn a new language more easily

Question 28

What are tag questions?

Answer 28

Short questions added to the end of a statement to confirm information or seek agreement

Question 29

Fill in the blank: Preschool children may use wrong case for pronouns, such as '_______ and me' instead of 'She and I'.

Answer 29

Her

Question 30

What are the key aspects of expanding self-awareness during preschool years?

Answer 30

Children learn to show responsibility, learn gender roles, begin moral development, and expand their self-concept.

Question 31

How do preschoolers show responsibility?

Answer 31

By demonstrating accountability and trustworthiness.

Question 32

What role do adults play in helping preschoolers learn responsibility?

Answer 32

Adults set examples and give children tasks based on their abilities.

Question 33

What are the three concepts preschoolers must grasp to understand gender roles?

Answer 33

* Gender identity * Gender stability * Gender constancy

Question 34

What is sex typing?

Answer 34

The process by which a person adopts attitudes and behaviors considered culturally appropriate for each gender.

Question 35

What can traditional gender-role learning lead to?

Answer 35

Sexual stereotyping, which inaccurately suggests fixed behaviors for males and females.

Question 36

What is moral development in preschoolers?

Answer 36

The process by which children develop proper attitudes toward others based on various societal expectations.

Question 37

What are the two substages of Kohlberg’s moral development theory that typically occur by age 9?

Answer 37

* Substage 1: Obedience-punishment orientation * Substage 2: Individualism and exchange

Question 38

What is self-concept?

Answer 38

The picture a person has of themselves, composed of accumulated experiences.

Question 39

What are the several factors that constitute self-concept?

Answer 39

* Self-recognition * Self-definition * Self-esteem * Self-correction

Question 40

What is the significance of play in preschool development?

Answer 40

It contributes to cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being.

Question 41

What is Erickson’s 3rd stage of development for preschoolers?

Answer 41

Initiative vs. guilt (ages 3-5).

Question 42

How do preschoolers extend social relations with adults?

Answer 42

Through secure attachments, which enhance learning and self-confidence.

Question 43

What percentage of children aged 2-7 have imaginary friends?

Answer 43

~2/3.

Question 44

What are common sources of negative emotions in preschoolers?

Answer 44

* Common childlike stressors * Short-term stressors and 'bad days' * Long-lasting and serious stressors

Question 45

What changes occur in preschoolers' expressions of anger and aggression?

Answer 45

They hit or bite less but may threaten and yell more.

Question 46

What begins jealousy in preschoolers?

Answer 46

The realization that they must share love, attention, possessions, and time.

Question 47

What is developmental stress in preschoolers?

Answer 47

Stress related to their developmental stage and personal development.

Question 48

What factors can exacerbate fears in preschoolers?

Answer 48

* Skewed perspectives * Lack of distinction between reality and fantasy * Overgeneralization

Question 49

What environmental factors contribute to preschoolers' stress?

Answer 49

* Caregiver stress * Low-quality preschool programs * Peer aggression * Neighborhood stressors

Question 50

Fill in the blank: The process by which children develop proper attitudes toward others is known as _______.

Answer 50

moral development

Question 51

True or False: Preschoolers are less defiant than toddlers and prefer comfort from strangers.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What is the primary role of parents during the school-age and teen years?

Answer 52

Help children become independent and provide support ## Footnote Parents are still vital but peer influence increases.

Question 53

What is a key factor that contributes to stress in school-age children?

Answer 53

Increased interactions with others

Question 54

What is meant by 'work ethic' in the context of school-age children?

Answer 54

A person’s sense of responsibility and diligence toward work tasks

Question 55

How do chores in the home and at school influence school-age children?

Answer 55

Encourage children to show responsibility

Question 56

What influences the learning of gender roles in children?

Answer 56

* Family * Peers * School * Media

Question 57

Define Kohlberg’s substage 3 of conventional morality.

Answer 57

Interpersonal conformity – behaviors are acceptable because they are good for the social group

Question 58

According to Carol Gilligan, how does women's moral reasoning differ from men's?

Answer 58

Women's reasoning is centered on caring and empathy, while men's is justice-oriented

Question 59

What are the two main components of moral emotions discussed?

Answer 59

* Guilt * Shame

Question 60

What is Erickson’s fourth stage of development?

Answer 60

Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5-13)

Question 61

What does 'Industry' refer to in Erickson's theory?

Answer 61

Desire to join others in striving to become a competent member of society

Question 62

What is the significance of peer groups during school-age years?

Answer 62

Gives children feelings of community and loyalty

Question 63

How do friendships evolve from early school years to later years?

Answer 63

From seeing friends as helpers to cooperative relationships helping each other achieve goals

Question 64

What is the role of emotional control during school-age and teen years?

Answer 64

Personality traits and emotional control continue to emerge and stabilize

Question 65

Fill in the blank: School-age children and teens express love for adults by showing _______.

Answer 65

Kindness and doing activities

Question 66

What common fears do school-age children and teens experience?

Answer 66

Fears and anxieties about the future, embarrassment, and people and their actions

Question 67

What is the 'imaginary audience' in adolescence?

Answer 67

A psychological state where individuals believe that multitudes of people are watching them

Question 68

How do older children express anger differently than preschoolers?

Answer 68

They express anger at wrongs to others, not just personal grievances

Question 69

What are some signs of stress in school-age children and teens?

Answer 69

* Disordered eating * Sleep difficulties * Trouble concentrating * Withdrawal from family and friends * Increased aggression

Question 70

True or False: Jealousy tends to decrease during the school-age and adolescent years.

Answer 70

False

Question 71

What are some internal sources of stress for children?

Answer 71

Home life, school life, peer relations

Question 72

Fill in the blank: School-age children communicate less with _______.

Answer 72

Adults

Question 73

What can lead to a narrowed emotional range in children?

Answer 73

Not feeling loved

Question 74

What behavior might indicate experimentation with substances in school-age children?

Answer 74

Experimentation with alcohol and other drugs