Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IM2 > intro to diabetes > Flashcards

intro to diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what is diabetes?

A

a chronic multi-system disease related to abnormal or impaired insulin utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is diabetes characterized?

A

by hyperglycemia resulting from lack of insulin, lack of insulin effect, or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the cause of diabetes?

A

normally a combination of genetics, autoimmune, and lifestyle; absent or insufficient and/or poor utilization of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can diabetes occur from?

A

medical treatments like removing some or all of pancreas, corticosteroids (high dose can cause type 2), thiazides, certain antipsychotics, etc cause diabetes type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the two functions of the pancreas?

A

exocrine function and endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas and what percentage of the total function is it?

A

it produces enzymes for digestion; 95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas and what percentage of the total function is it?

A

islet of langerhans (regulate blood sugar and pancreatic secretions), secrete insulin and glucagon; 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the liver do?

A

it stores and produces glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

insulin does what?

A

lowers blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

glucagon does what?

A

raises the blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is insulin made by in the pancreas?

A

beta-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is glucagon made by in the pancreas?

A

alpha-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is glucose stored?

A

in the liver and muscle cells as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which tissues in the body are insulin dependent?

A

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

insulin is required to “unlock” receptor sites in cells which allows what?

A

transport of glucose into cells to be used for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the three counterregulatory hormones?

A

epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do counterregulatory hormones do?

A

help to stimulate a high glucose level if the body is in destress (decrease glucose movement into the cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

epinephrine does what?

A

comes from the liver, and promotes sugar production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how/when is insulin normally released?

A

released in small increments when food is ingested, it’s a storage hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how much insulin is normally produced in a day?

A

40-50 units per day, 0.6 kg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what tissues need glucose to function properly?

A

brain, liver, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is insulin resistance?

A

pathological condition in which cells either fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin or downregulate receptors in response to hyperinsulinenemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what glucose level is considered hypoglycemia?

A

< 70 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is insulin insufficiency?

A

the body makes some insulin but more insulin is needed to effectively lower the blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

is hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia more dangerous?

A

hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what causes hypoglycemia?

A

it occurs when there is too much insulin in proportion to available glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what happens in the body during a hypoglycemic event?

A

counterregulatory hormones are released; suppression of insulin secretion & production of glucagon and epinephrine provide a defense against hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how quickly do symptoms of hypoglycemia happen?

A

onset is rapid and needs to be treated ASAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what can untreated hypoglycemia cause?

A

can progress to loss of consciousness, seizures, coma, and death (can mimic alcohol intoxication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are causes of hypoglycemia?

A

alcohol intake without food, too little food, too much diabetic medication (insulin, orals), too much exercise without adequate food intake, weight loss without change in medications, sedentary lifestyle with an unusually active day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are 12 signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

cold, clammy skin (give candy); numbness of of fingers, toes, mouth; tachycardia, palpitations; headache; nervousness, tremors; faintness, dizziness; stupor; slurred speech; hunger; changes in vision; seizures, coma; irritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

do changes in vision from hypoglycemia damage your eyes?

A

no, the changes in vision are caused by how it affects the brain and how the brain processes the info received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are physiological consequences of hypoglycemia?

A

neurological symptoms and hypoglycemia unawareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is hypoglycemia unawareness?

A

it is normally found in older people; they don’t know when their sugar is low until it is extremely low. Can be caused by beta blockers or hypoglycemia happens often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

_____ hormones are released, and the ____ ____ is activated

A

counterregulatory hormones; autonomic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

epinephrine release causes manifestations of:

A

shakiness, palpitations, nervousness, diaphoresis, anxiety, hunger, and pallor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the ___ needs a constant supply of glucose in sufficient quantities to function properly, hypoglycemia can affect ____ functioning

A

brain; mental functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

hypoglycemia can mimic ____ ____

A

alcohol intoxication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are treatments for hypoglycemia?

A

rule of 15, IV dextrose, Glucagon IM or sub-q, and Baqsimi (glycagon) nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the rule of 15?

A

have 15 grams of carbohydrate (simple sugar) to raise your blood glucose and check after 15 minutes; can repeat 2-3 times if needed and if it doesn’t help contact the provider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is Baqsimi (glycagon) nasal?

A

a nasal spray that can be used when a patient is unconscious because mucous membranes will absorb the medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is a common side effect of glucagon and baqsimi?

A

nausea, so turn pt on their side and when they wake up give them carbs to eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the factors affecting hypoglycemia during hospitalization?

A

overuse of SSIs, lack of dosage changes when dietary intake is changed, overly vigorous treatment of hyperglycemia, delayed meal after fast-acting insulin is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what glucose level is considered hyperglycemia?

A

> 200 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

when does hyperglycemia occur?

A

when there is not enough insulin working and/or too much glucose in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how quickly do symptoms of hyperglycemia happen?

A

they have more a gradual onset than hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what can untreated hyperglycemia lead to?

A

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hypersmolar hyperglycemia syndrome (HHS), coma and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are 7 causes of hyperglycemia?

A

illness/infection, corticosteroids, too much food, not enough diabetic medication (insulin, oral), inactivity, emotional/physical stress, and poor absorption of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are 12 s/s of hyperglycemia?

A

hot & dry (sugar is high); increased urination (polyuria), increased thirst (polydipsia), increased hunger (polyphagia); weakness, fatigue; blurred vision; headache; glycosuria (presence of glucose in urine); nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps; progression to DKA, HHS; mood swings, slow healing wounds/infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

do changes in vision from hyperglycemia damage your eyes?

A

yes it damages the structures in your eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are treatments for hyperglycemia?

A

continued diabetic medications, check blood glucose frequently, check urine for ketones, drinks fluids at least on an hourly basis, exercise or stay active, notify HCP if blood glucose levels do not decrease in a few days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

factors affecting hyperglycemia:

A

hospitalization, changes in treatment regimen, medications, IV dextrose, overly vigorous treatment of hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are factors affecting hyperglycemia during hospitalization?

A

changes in treatment regime, medications, IV dextrose, and overly rigorous treatment of hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are four diagnostic studies for diabetes?

A

HA1C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test, and random blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the Hemoglobin A1C (HA1C) test?

A

reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months by looking at glycosylated hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is glycosylated hemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin that is glucose bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the normal range of an H1AC?

A

less than 5.7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the pre-diabetic range of an H1AC?

A

5.7%- 6.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is the diabetic range of an H1AC?

A

6.5% and higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what can cause an H1AC count to be incorrect?

A

blood loss, blood transfusions, pregnancy, different diseases that affect RBCs, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is a fasting plasma glucose (FBG) test?

A

checks fasting blood sugar levels, blood is drawn 8 hours after the last meal eaten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is a normal range for FBG?

A

less than 100 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is the pre-diabetes range for FBG?

A

100-125 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is the range for diabetic range for FBG?

A

126 mg/dl or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

A

two hour test that checks blood sugar before and two hours after a glucose; shows how well your body processes sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what is the normal range for OGTT?

A

less than 140 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is the pre-diabetic range for OGTT?

A

140-199 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what is the diabetic range for OGTT?

A

200 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what is the random blood glucose test?

A

can be drawn at any time, seen on a BMP or CMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is the diabetic range for a random blood glucose test?

A

200 mg/dl or greater plus s/s of diabetes (3 ps and rapid weight loss)

70
Q

what is a C-peptide test?

A

measures the amount of C-peptide in the blood or urine, can help determine which type of diabetes a pt has and can reveal how well the treatment is working

71
Q

what else is a c-peptide test used for?

A

pancreatic cancer, kushings disease, etc

72
Q

what does a low c-peptide measure mean?

A

type 1 diabetes

73
Q

what is the range for C-peptide?

A

0.5 ng/ml to 2.0 ng/dl

74
Q

what does a high C-peptide measure mean?

A

type 2 diabetes

75
Q

what does a low C-peptide measure mean?

A

type 1 diabetes

76
Q

what is true about C-peptide and insulin?

A

they are released by the pancreas in equal amounts

77
Q

what are two type of blood glucose monitoring?

A

finger stick (most common) and continuous glucose monitoring (like dexcom and free style libre)

78
Q

what does blood glucose monitoring do?

A

provides timely feedback to patient

79
Q

what is the most common error for finger sticks?

A

blood sample size

80
Q

when should blood glucose monitoring be performed/checked?

A

before each meal and at bedtime and especially before giving insulin

81
Q

what is general diabetic foot care that should be done?

A

wash feet daily with mild soap and warm, pat feet dry (especially in-between toes), examine feet daily, moisturize daily (not in between toes), clean cuts with warm water and mild soap then cover with clean dressing, cut toenails evenly with rounded edges, comfortable well-fitting shoes that are broken in

82
Q

what should you/the patient always report while doing foot care?

A

skin infections/non healing wounds to the HCP

83
Q

how do you prevent DM complications as the nurse?

A

patient education, assess barriers to learning (learning disabilities or language barriers), teach in increments, promote self care, adjust regimen to meet needs

84
Q

what are different barriers to patient health?

A

degree of life changes and complexity of management plans, cost of care, access to medical treatment, cultural factors, lack of family support, lack of knowledge, fears, other stressors

85
Q

how do you increase a patients adherence to following health care plan?

A

encourage patient & family to take care of their health, simplify the regimen, focus on the normal not the differences, teach the tools, help the patient get supplies, provide safe harbor, provide adequate education

86
Q

how many days a week should someone workout per the ADA?

A

150 minutes per week (30 minutes 5 days a week), and a patients with DM2 should perform resistance training 3x a week

87
Q

how does exercise help with diabetes?

A

decreases insulin resistance and can have direct effect on lowering blood glucose levels (for up to 48 hrs)

88
Q

when a diabetic patient drinks alcohol what do they need to know?

A

it inhibits gluconeogeneis, alcohol should be taken in moderation, they should monitor blood glucose, consume carbohydrates, and high in calories

89
Q

what are the SICK day rules?

A

S-sugar, check it every 2-3 hours
I-insulin, always take your insulin
C-carbs, drinks/eat lots sugars
K- ketones, check urine or blood for ketones every 4 hours

90
Q

what medical conditions can cause diabetes?

A

kushing’s disease, hyperthyroidism, recurrent pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis

91
Q

what organ does insulin come from?

A

pancreas

92
Q

insulin promotes glucose transport from ___ across the ____ ____, to the cytoplasm of the cell, to make energy

A

bloodstream; cell membrane

93
Q

what insulin can we give IV push?

A

regular insulin

94
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune disease that results from beta cell destruction in the pancreas

95
Q

if ketones are present what insulin do you take?

A

rapid-acting insulin

96
Q

risk factors of type 1 diabetes:

A

autoimmune (genetic), viral (infection that attacks the pancreas), medically induced

97
Q

type 1 s/s:

A

polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger); weight loss, fatigue, increased frequency of infections, rapid onset, insulin dependent, familial tendencies, peak incidence from 10 to 15 years

98
Q

how is type 1 diabetes diagnosed?

A

HA1C, FBG, OGTT, Random blood glucose plus symptoms of diabetes, and C-peptide test

99
Q

treatment for type 1 diabetes:

A

administration of sub-q insulin multiple times per day; tight glycemic control (80-130 before meal; 1-2 hours after start of meal BS <180), dietary modifications, and active lifestyle

100
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

chronic condition that occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin

101
Q

what is type 2 diabetes caused by?

A

insulin resistance or deficiency, pre-diabetes, and metabolic syndrome

102
Q

risk factors for type 2: modifiable

A

obese/fat distribution; physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle; hypertension/high cholesterol; poor diet; smoking/alcohol

103
Q

risk factors for type 2: non-modifiable

A

family hx; race/ethnic background; age; pre-diabetic & gestational diabetes; PCOS; chronic glucocorticoid exposure

104
Q

type 2 diabetes: s/s

A

polyuria, nocturia; polydipsia; polyphagia; recurrent infections; prolonged wound healing; visual changes; fatigue, decreased energy; HA1C increased 6.5%, PFG increased 126 mg/dl; prediabetes FBG 100-125 mg/dl; metabolic syndrome

105
Q

diagnosis for type 2:

A

HA1C, FPG, OGTT, random blood glucose plus symptoms of diabetes

106
Q

treatment for type 2:

A

diabetic medications: insulin or oral; lifestyle changes; tight glycemic control, increase activity levels

107
Q

diabetic complications: short term

A

hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia; and ketoacidosis

108
Q

diabetic complications: long term - microvascular

A

retinopathy; nephropathy; neuropathy

109
Q

diabetic complications: long term - macrovascular

A

cerebrovascular; cardiovascular; peripheral vascular

110
Q

diabetic complications: long term - other

A

foot ulcerations; amputations; sexual dysfunction

111
Q

insulin: endogenous

A

insulin that the pancreas makes to regulate the blood sugar level

112
Q

insulin: exogenous

A

insulin that comes from outside the body

113
Q

actions of exogenous insulin:

A

restores ability of cells to use glucose and an energy source; corrects hyperglycemia; corrects many metabolic imbalances; treats both type 1 & 2; lowers potassium levels; insulin preparations are HIGH ALERT AGENTS

114
Q

insulin treatment: human insulin

A

identical to insulin produced by the pancreas

115
Q

human insulin analogs:

A

modified forms of human insulin

116
Q

types of insulin: rapid acting insulin

A

administered with meals; onset: 10-30 minutes; peak: 30 minutes to 3 hours; duration 3 to 5 hours

117
Q

rapid acting insulin types:

A

aspart (Novolog), lispo (Humalog), glulisine (Apidra)

118
Q

types of insulin - short acting insulin:

A

for routine treatment to control postprandial hyperglycemia; sub-q or basal glycemia control (sub-q via insulin pump); onset: 30-60 minutes; peak: 2 to 5 hrs; duration: 5 to 8 hours

119
Q

types of short acting insulin:

A

regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)

120
Q

types of insulin - intermediate insulin:

A

used 2-3x per day to provide glycemia control between meals and during night; onset: 1.5 to 4 hrs; peak: 4 to 12 hrs; duration: 12 to 18 hrs

121
Q

types of intermediate insulin:

A

NPH (Humulin, Novolin H)

122
Q

types of insulin - long duration insulin:

A

dosing can be done at any time, but at the same time every day; onset: 45 minutes to 4 hours; peak: none; duration: 16 to 24 hours

123
Q

types of long duration insulin:

A

glargine (Lantus); determir (Levemir)

124
Q

what type of insulin cannot be mixed in the same syringe with other insulins?

A

Long duration insulin

125
Q

types of insulin: longer duration insulin

A

injected once daily, only comes in prefilled pens; onset: 30 minutes to 90 minutes; peak: none; duration: more than 24 hrs

126
Q

types of longer duration insulin:

A

glargine U-300 (toujeo); degludec (Tresiba)

127
Q

what is combination or pre-mixed insulin?

A

short or rapid acting insulin mixed with intermediate acting insulin

128
Q

insulin appearance:

A

clear, colorless solutions, NPH is the only cloudy suspension - inspect before using, discard if abnormal

129
Q

mixing insulin you draw up what first? before what?

A

draw up clear (clear and short acting): regular, lispro, aspart, glulisine - before the cloudy (NPH- intermediate)

130
Q

only ___ acting insulin you can mix

A

longer

131
Q

only short acting preparations of what insulins can be mixed with other insulins?

A

regular, lispro, aspart, & glulisine

132
Q

where has the slowest absorption for insulin?

A

upper buttock

133
Q

where has the fastest absorption in the body?

A

abdomen

134
Q

lipohypertrophy:

A

is lump under the skin caused by accumulation of extra fat at the site of many sub-q injections of insulin

135
Q

glycolysis:

A

process through which glucose is broken down into water & carbon dioxide with the release of energy

136
Q

glycogenolysis:

A

refers to the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

137
Q

glucagon:

A

hormone that triggers liver glucagon to convert back to glucose & use for energy

138
Q

glucose:

A

sugar in blood stream

139
Q

glycogen:

A

stored form of glucose (energy)

140
Q

retinopathy:

A

caused by high blood sugar; retina disease that can cause impairment of vision and vision loss

141
Q

nephropathy:

A

damage to small blood vessels in the glomeruli of the kidnet

142
Q

neuropathy:

A

damage or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness

143
Q

cerebrovascular:

A

can cause strokes; disease of blood vessels supplying the brain

144
Q

cardiovascular:

A

disease of blood vessels supplying the heart (heart disease)

145
Q

peripheral vascular:

A

disease of blood vessels supplying the arms & legs

146
Q

what is basal-bolus insulin therapy supposed to mimic?

A

physiological insulin secretion of a “normal” pancreas

147
Q

how is basal-bolus insulin therapy implemented?

A

a little insulin all day & night (basal), and a burst of insulin with meals to cover the carbs eat (bolus/mealtime)

148
Q

is a correction dose given in addition to scheduled insulins with basal-bolus therapy? if so, why is it done?

A

yes- is it used to bring down elevated blood glucose, despite other insulin therapy, back into target range (uses a SSI)

149
Q

if a patient is NPO, what do you do with their rapid acting insulin?

A

hold it

150
Q

what do you do if a rapid acting insulin dose is missed?

A

wait until next meal time to give the next dose

151
Q

if a dose of short acting insulin is missed, what should be done?

A

give it unless its too close to the next dose time

152
Q

because the onset of intermediate insulin is delayed, what can it not be used for?

A

postprandial control

153
Q

what are the only two kinds of insulin that intermediate insulin can be mixed with?

A

rapid acting and regular

154
Q

what must be done to intermediate insulin before drawing it up?

A

gently agitated to break up any clumps

155
Q

what is a possible side effect of intermediate insulin?

A

allergic reaction

156
Q

should long duration insulin be given if the patient is NPO?

A

Yes, the dose can be adjusted, but type 1 have to have this med to prevent DKA

157
Q

what does combination or pre-mixed insulin do?

A

allows for both mealtime and correction insulin in the same syringe

158
Q

where should unopened vials of insulin be stored?

A

in the fridge

159
Q

how long can insulin be stored for?

A

if unopened in the fridge it can be used up until expiration on vial, if opened it can be kept at room temperature for one month

160
Q

what should you never do with insulin vials? (opened or not)

A

freeze them or leave them in a hot room/car

161
Q

how long are mixtures of insulin in vials good for?

A

stable for one month at room temperature and 3 months in the fridge

162
Q

how long are mixtures of insulin in prefilled syringes good for and where should they be stored?

A

stable for at least one week and should be stored in the fridge

163
Q

how long does it take to be diagnosed with type 1 diabetes?

A

autoantibodies present for months to years before clinical symptoms that are rapid onset

164
Q

what does type 1 diabetes lead to?

A

absolute insulin deficiency, INSULIN DEPENDENT for life

165
Q

who is type 2 diabetes mostly found in?

A

more common in adults but is being seen in children more often because of obesity

166
Q

how long does it take to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?

A

progressive disease, slower onset

167
Q

insulin is what type of hormone produced by what?

A

peptide hormone; beta cells of the pancreatic islets

168
Q

microvascular is relating to?

A

the smallest blood vessels

169
Q

macrovascular is relating to?

A

the larger blood vessels

170
Q

basal insulin:

A

long-acting insulin that covers the blood glucose the liver makes naturally, 24 hours a day

171
Q

bolus insulin:

A

fast-acting insulin that is given for the rise in blood glucose that occurs when food is consumed

172
Q

correction insulin:

A

fast acting insulin that is given in addition to scheduled insulins to bring an elevated blood glucose back into target

IM2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions