fluid concentrations

Question 1

osmolality is measured in:

Answer 1

milliOsmols/kg (kg)

Question 2

osmolality is:

Answer 2

used to assess body’s state of water balance.

Question 3

osmolarity is measure in:

Answer 3

milliOsmols/L (liter)

Question 4

high osmolality =

Answer 4

water deficit

Question 5

low osmolality =

Answer 5

water excess

Question 6

isotonic - normal saline (0.9% NaCl)

Answer 6

equal to - match (think “I - so perfect”), nothing needs to change so doesn’t cause any change - remain intravascular

Question 7

hypotonic - 1/2 normal saline

Answer 7

fluids moving into cells (think - swell- hippo)
cells will swell

Question 8

hypertonic- D5 normal saline

Answer 8

hyper = energy; makes cells skinny; fluid pulled from cell
cells will shrink

Question 9

______ - the cells inflate and eventually burst, water is transported into the cell, solute concentration inside the cell is ___

Answer 9

hypotonic; higher

Question 10

_____ - amount of water transported into the cell equal to the amount of water transported out from the cell. Solute concentration inside the cell is ____ outside the cell

Answer 10

isotonic; equal

Question 11

_____- the cells shrink. Water is transported out from the cell. Solute concentration inside the cell is ___

Answer 11

hypertonic; lower

Question 12

____ system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them into the bloodstream

Answer 12

the lymphatic system

Question 13

the lymphatic system also helps defend the body against _____ by supplying disease-fighting cells call ____

Answer 13

infection; lymphocytes

Question 14

maintaining balance:

Answer 14

kidneys, Anti-diuretic hormone, Renin-angiotension-aldosterone system, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, THIRST

Question 15

____ regulates sodium by releasing ____ to increase sodium reabsorption by maintaining ECF volume and excreting potassium

Answer 15

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

Question 16

the _____ _____ gland secretes ____ which regulates fluid volume in the body. When released, the ____ reabsorbs water, increasing urine concentration and inhibiting ADH

Answer 16

posterior pituitary; ADH; kidney

Question 17

____ changes the ____ pressure by changing concentration levels. Where ______ goes, ____ flows

Answer 17

sodium; osmotic; sodium goes, water flows

Question 18

kidneys regulate:

Answer 18

fluid and electrolyte balance by adjusting urine volume and the excretion of electrolytes

Question 19

if the kidneys lose __ to __ % fluid, kidney reabsorbs more water = concentrated urine

Answer 19

1-2%

Question 20

the kidneys also:

Answer 20

remove excess wastes from the body

Question 21

___ & ____ are also either filtered or reabsorbed in the kidneys

Answer 21

sodium & potassium

Question 22

7 functions of the kidneys:

Answer 22

AWETBED
A - controlling ACID-base balance
W - controlling WATER balance
E - maintaining ELECTROLYTE balance
T - removing TOXINS and waste products from the body
B - controlling BLOOD PRESSURE
E - producing the hormone: ERYTHROPOIETIN
D - activating vitamin D

Question 23

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH):

Answer 23

produced by the hypothalamus and stored in pituitary

Question 24

ADH restores blood volume by:

Answer 24

reducing diuresis, increasing water retention, and vasoconstricts

Question 25

_____ is the medication from ADH

Answer 25

vasopressin (Desmopressin)

Question 26

if body is dehydrated (deficit of body water), ADH is ______ and water is ____ or conserved, so urine is concentrated

Answer 26

increased; absorbed

Question 27

if body is hydrated (excess body water), less ADH is _____ and less water is absorbed so urine is diluted

Answer 27

released

Question 28

angiotension is:

Answer 28

protein whose presence in the blood promotes aldosterone secretion and tends to raise BP

Question 29

aldosterone functions in the body:

Answer 29

water regulator, causes kidneys to retain Na+ and water, released if Na+ is low and K+ high

Question 30

aldosterone is a ____ hormone by the ____ ____

Answer 30

steroid hormone; adrenal cortex (outer layer of the adrenal gland)

Question 31

too much aldosterone can cause ____ BP and a build-up of fluid in the body tissues

Answer 31

high

Question 32

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):

Answer 32

is a cardiac hormone which gene and receptors are widely present in the body

Question 33

main function of ANP

Answer 33

lower BP and to control electrolyte homeostasis

Question 34

ANP is produced and stored in the ____

Answer 34

atria

Question 35

ATP decreases BP by ____

Answer 35

vasodilation

Question 36

ANP stops action of ___

Answer 36

RAAS

Question 37

ANP reduces fluid volume by increasing secretion of ___ & ____

Answer 37

Na+ and water

Question 38

what does high BNP mean?

Answer 38

BNP levels go up when the heart cannot pump the way it should. a result greater than 100 pg/ml is abnormal. The higher the number, the more likely heart failure is present

Question 39

THIRST is regulated by

Answer 39

hypothalamus

Question 40

THIRST is stimulated by increase in ____ and _____ of _____

Answer 40

ECF; drying of mucous membranes

Question 41

THIRST is the simplest method of maintaining ____

Answer 41

fluid balance

Question 42

losing body fluids or eating high salty foods leads to an increase in _____

Answer 42

ECF fluid osmolality (concentration)

Question 43

thirst causes a person to drink fluids, which are absorbed by the _____, moved to _____, and distributed between compartments

Answer 43

intestines; bloodstream

Question 44

what depletes electrolytes?

Answer 44

where fluids go -> electrolytes go, VPPS (vomiting, peeing, pooping, sweating)

Question 45

pulling from the cells into vessels

Answer 45

hypertonic

Question 46

going out the vessels into the cells

Answer 46

hypotonic

Question 47

if i have a lot of fluid in my body, my bp is going to ____

Answer 47

increase

Question 48

if i am urinating all my water out, and I shrivel up, my BP would ____

Answer 48

decrease