intro to electrotherapy - part 1

Question 1

what is charge

Answer 1

when electrons that is lost or gained become ions

Question 2

a charge can either be _____ or _____

Answer 2

cation (+)
anion (-)

Question 3

unit of measurement for charge

Answer 3

coulomb

Question 4

what is current

Answer 4

movement of charged particles; opposite the flow of electrons

Question 5

current is also referred to as _____ or _____

Answer 5

intensity or amplitude

Question 6

standard unit for current

Answer 6

ampre or 1 C/sec

Question 7

what is voltage

Answer 7

driving force that makes charged particles move

Question 8

standard unit of volts

Answer 8

V or mV in our use

Question 9

other name for voltage

Answer 9

electromotive force or electric potential difference

Question 10

what is resistance

Answer 10

opposition to the movement of DC

Question 11

standard unit of resistance

Answer 11

ohm

Question 12

explain ohm’s law

Answer 12

V = IR

so current is directly proportional to voltage and indirect to resistance

Question 13

what is conductance

Answer 13

ease of flow so opposite of resistance

Question 14

standard unit for conductance

Answer 14

Mho or Siemens

Question 15

what is capacitance

Answer 15

ability to store charge using electrostatic field

charge/voltage

Question 16

standard unit for capacitance

Answer 16

Farad

Question 17

what is inductance

Answer 17

ability to store electrical energy via electromagnetic filed

Question 18

standard unit for inductance

Answer 18

Henry

Question 19

what is impedance

Answer 19

opposition to movement of AC

Question 20

standard unit for impedance

Answer 20

Ohm

Question 21

compare battery and plug as a power source

Answer 21

battery - portable but needs spare batt and has limited options

plug - more stable and more options for control but not portable

Question 22

what are the 3 main parts of an electrical stimulator

Answer 22

power source
waveform generation and timing control
output amplifier

Question 23

what is constant voltage

Answer 23

voltage level will remain the same and will have low internal resistance

Question 24

what is constant current

Answer 24

will change the voltage output but the leaving current is unaffected and will have high internal resistance

Question 25

output impedance for constant voltage

Answer 25

< 50 ohm

Question 26

output impedance for constant current

Answer 26

> 10k ohm

Question 27

advantages and disadvantages of constant voltage

Answer 27

adv - automatic reduction of current when electrode size is reduced due to dec contact w skin dis - risk for intensity of elec burns if pressure bet tissue and electrode is inc due to dec in tissue impedance; hence bawal HMP while TENS

Question 28

advantages and disadvantages of constant current

Answer 28

adv - more consistent level of stimulation dis - dec in electrode size due to inadequate contact will result in elec burns bcs it gets concentrated on part in contact w skin

Question 29

betw constant current and voltage which is responsible for bringing physiological changes

Answer 29

constant current bcs it is more constant kaya eto din mas ginagamit sa clinic

Question 30

anode vs cathode in terms of what it attracts

Answer 30

anode - anions cathode - cations

Question 31

anode vs cathode in terms of what it repels

Answer 31

anode - cations cathode - anions

Question 32

anode vs cathode in terms of what it forms

Answer 32

anode - acidic; fewer bubbles of o2 cathode - alkaline; many tiny bubbles of H

Question 33

anode vs cathode in terms of color

Answer 33

anode - red cathode - black

Question 34

anode vs cathode in terms of effects on nerve

Answer 34

anode - dec nerve excitability d/t hyperpol cathode - inc nerve excitability d/t depol

Question 34

anode vs cathode in terms of type of electrode

Answer 34

anode - indifferent electrode cathode - active electrode

Question 35

anode vs cathode in terms of effect

Answer 35

anode - sedative cathode - stimulative

Question 36

anode vs cathode in terms of effects on tissue

Answer 36

anode - hardening of tissue d/t solidification of proteins; sclerotic cathode - softening of tissue d/t liquefaction of protein; sclerolytic

Question 37

what are the usual materials for electrodes

Answer 37

carbon impregnated silicon rubber

Question 38

what should be the qualities of electrode materials

Answer 38

capable of rex chemically conductor non-toxic durable flexible

Question 39

what are the coupling media

Answer 39

tap water gel karaya gum

Question 39

explain electrode coupling

Answer 39

electrodes should be coupled to tissue both mechanically and electrically to function properly

Question 40

what body structures have tissue impedance

Answer 40

adipose tissue bone skin

Question 41

what body structure has highest tissue impedance and why

Answer 41

skin - because of keratin and very little water present

Question 42

give techniques to dec skin impedance

Answer 42

hydration - moist cotton ball tissue warming - IRR use of high voltage - HVPGC higher frequency - IFC mild abrasion - not rrly done

Question 43

discuss the significance of current density

Answer 43

amount of current flow/unit area so dapat lapat or if probe be cautious

Question 44

discuss longitudinal vs transverse orientations

Answer 44

long - for muscle contraction; so sa origin and insertion banda transverse - for long muscles - medial and lat side of muscle belly

Question 45

orientation of electrodes for quads

Answer 45

diagonal longitudinal

Question 46

what should the distance be betw a stimulating and dispersive electrode

Answer 46

wag dikit if motor point stim - same side dapat yung dispersive; R face : R traps

Question 47

what is monopolar technique

Answer 47

only the cathode is place over target area then the anode is place on other body part for dispersion

Question 48

uses of monopolar technique

Answer 48

motor point stim dermal ulcers wound healing edema iontophoresis

Question 49

what is bipolar technique

Answer 49

both electrodes are placed over target area both electrodes are excitatory

Question 50

uses of bipolar technique

Answer 50

muscle disuse atrophy neuromuscular facilitation ROM limitation protective muscle spasm circulatory disorders pain

Question 51

what are the contraindications

Answer 51

pacemakers phrenic or bladder stimulators carotid sinuses thrombosis over pregnant uterus cancer

Question 52

safety considerations on patient care

Answer 52

always explain the procedure use extreme caution of pt that cant communicate do not use w/in 3m of diathermy do not use 2 electrical devices simultaneously

Question 53

what are the safety considerations in electrotherapy

Answer 53

patient care electric shock machine appli

Question 54

compare microshock and macroshock

Answer 54

micro - < 1000 uA macro - > 1000 uA

Question 55

physiologic effects of 1 mA

Answer 55

threshold for tingling sensation

Question 56

physiologic effects of 16 mA

Answer 56

cannot release grip on electrical conductor d/t muscle contraction

Question 57

physiologic effects of 50 mA

Answer 57

pain and possible fainting

Question 58

physiologic effects of 100 mA - 3 A

Answer 58

ventricular fibrillations

Question 59

physiologic effects of 6 A

Answer 59

sustained myocardial contraction temporary respiratory paralysis burns

Question 60

safety consideration w machine setup

Answer 60

never cheater plugs and close to pipes use GFCI's and electrodes designed for the machine

Question 61

safety consideration w machine operation

Answer 61

gradual inc of amplitude only when all parameters are set in changing parameters lower the intensity first turn knob to 0 before applying and when turning off adjust amplitude during on time only remove electrodes only when there is no more current